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Cited by 103Hate Speech and Cyberbullying DetectionPopulism, Right-Wing MovementsSocial Media and Politics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Assessing the Extent and Types of Hate Speech in Fringe Communities: A Case Study of Alt-Right Communities on 8chan, 4chan, and Reddit

Open access
Rieger, Diana, Kümpel, Anna Sophie, Wich, Maximilian, Kiening, Toni, Groh, Georg·2021·Social Media + Society
DOI 10.1177/20563051211052906
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Abstract

Recent right-wing extremist terrorists were active in online fringe communities connected to the alt-right movement. Although these are commonly considered as distinctly hateful, racist, and misogynistic, the prevalence of hate speech in these communities has not been comprehensively investigated yet, particularly regarding more implicit and covert forms of hate. This study exploratively investigates the extent, nature, and clusters of different forms of hate speech in political fringe communities on Reddit, 4chan, and 8chan. To do so, a manual quantitative content analysis of user comments ( N = 6,000) was combined with an automated topic modeling approach. The findings of the study not only show that hate is prevalent in all three communities (24% of comments contained explicit or implicit hate speech), but also provide insights into common types of hate speech expression, targets, and differences between the studied communities.

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Crossref · 10.1177/20563051211052906

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40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Citations

Cites

Show all 38 references

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Ben-David A., 2016, International Journal of Communication, 10, 1167
  2. Campbell J. C., 2003, Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 993
  3. Conway M., Macnair L., Scrivens R. (2019). Right-wing extremists’ persistent online presence: History and contemporary trends (pp. 1–24). International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT). https://icct.nl/app/uploads/2019/11/RWEXOnline-1.pdf
  4. Gagliardone I., 2015, Countering online hate speech
  5. Günther E., 2017, International Journal of Communication, 11, 3051
  6. Kümpel A. S., 2019, Wandel der Sprach- und Debattenkultur in sozialen Online-Medien. Ein Literaturüberblick zu Ursachen und Wirkungen von inziviler Kommunikation
  7. Meibauer J., 2013, Hassrede/Hate Speech. Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu einer aktuellen Diskussion, 1
  8. Nagle A., 2017, Kill all normies: The online culture wars from Tumblr and 4chan to the alt-right and Trump
  9. Sanchez B. C., 2020, Pathways: A Journal of Humanistic and Social Inquiry, 1, 1
  10. Wendling M., 2018, Alt-right: From 4chan to the White House

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Metadata

Authors
Rieger, D., Kümpel, A. S., Wich, M., Kiening, T., & Groh, G.
Affiliations
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
  • Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
  • Technical University of Munich (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Social Media + Society
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2021-10
Volume
7
Issue
4
ISSN
2056-3051 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1177/20563051211052906
OpenAlex
W3209715443
Cited by
102
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 14
FWCI
5.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Social Media + Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Populism, Right-Wing Movements
  • Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
Keywords
hate speech, alt-right, 4chan, Reddit, right-wing extremism, implicit hate speech, online comments, topic modeling

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