The p factor and the n factor: associations between the general factors of psychopathology and neuroticism in children.
Abstract
Research across age groups has consistently indicated that psychopathology has a general factor structure such that a broad latent dimension (or p factor) captures variance common to all mental disorders as well as specific internalizing and externalizing factors. This research has found that the p factor overlaps substantially with trait negative emotionality (or neuroticism). However, less is known about the psychological substance of the specific factors of the general psychopathology model or how lower-order facets of neuroticism may relate to each psychopathology factor. We investigated the structure of neuroticism and psychopathology as well as associations between these domains using multimethod assessments in a sample of 695 preadolescent children. We found that both psychopathology and neuroticism may be well characterized by bifactor models and that there was substantial overlap between psychopathology (p) and neuroticism (n) general factors as well as between specific factors (Internalizing with Fear, Externalizing with Irritability).
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Research supports a bifactor model of negative emotionality, consisting of a general factor in addition to distinct, but correlated, narrow factors.
“Although negative emotionality is composed of facets (narrow traits), research supports of bifactor model of negative emotionality, consisting of a general factor in addition to distinct, but correlated, narrow factors (Subica et al., 2016; Brandes et al., 2019; Fournier et al., 2019).”
From Predicting the Severity of Symptoms of the COVID Stress Syndrome From Personality Traits: A Prospective Network Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Brandes et al., 2019
Negative emotionality (neuroticism) is a broad trait conferring vulnerability for all kinds of psychopathology.
“The most well-established vulnerability factor is negative emotionality (neuroticism), which is a broad trait conferring vulnerability for all kinds of psychopathology (Brandes et al., 2019).”
From Predicting the Severity of Symptoms of the COVID Stress Syndrome From Personality Traits: A Prospective Network Analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Brandes et al., 2019
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- Authors
- Brandes, C. M., Herzhoff, K., Smack, A. J., & Tackett, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
- Corresponding author
- Brandes, Cassandra M.
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-09-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1266-1284
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- OpenAlex
- W2974258582
- Cited by
- 87
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 14.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- p-factor, N-factor, neuroticism, bifactor model, internalizing disorders, externalizing disorders, preadolescents, negative affectivity, fear, irritability, trait structure
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