Lack of Sample Diversity in Research on Adolescent Depression and Social Media Use: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Research on whether social media use relates to adolescent depression is rapidly increasing. However, is it adequately representing the diversity of global adolescent populations? We conducted a preregistered scoping review (research published between 2018 and 2020; 34 articles) to investigate the proportion of studies recruiting samples from the Global North versus Global South and assess whether the association between social media and depression varies depending on the population being studied. Sample diversity was lacking between regions: More than 70% of studies examined Global North populations. The link between social media and depression was positive and significant in the Global North but null and nonsignificant in the Global South. There was also little evidence of diversity within regions in both sampling choices and reporting of participants’ demographics. Given that most adolescents live in the Global South and sample diversity is crucial for the generalizability of research findings, urgent action is needed to address these oversights.
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Recent research suggests that the psychological impact of social media appears to be very different in the Global North versus the Global South, or in established democracies versus less-established democracies.
“Moreover, recent research suggests that the psychological impact of social media appears to be very different in the Global North versus the Global South (Ghai et al. 2023), or in established democracies versus less-established democracies (Lorenz-Spreen et al. 2023).”
From Social Media and Morality. (2024) · cites this paper as Ghai et al. 2023
The Results (Sample diversity between regions; page not provided) report a small, significant association between social media use and adolescent depression in Global North samples, but a nonsignificant association in Global South samples. The Discussion says the evidence for a North–South difference is mixed, and the moderation analysis found no significant difference by region. Because the studies were correlational, the paper also does not establish a psychological impact caused by social media. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Bbosa, G. S., Culbreth, R. E., Natuhamya, C., Palmier, J. B., Matovu, G., Jovanović, T., Kasirye, R., & Swahn, M. H. (2026) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-026-03192-3
Editorial: Global perspectives on wellbeing strategies in education: a holistic approach
Bailey, R. P., Chew, R. S. Y., Hanefar, S. B. M., & Ikram, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1938128
Screen Use and Child and Adolescent Development and Mental Health Outcomes
Al-Jbouri, E., Nivison, M. D., Neville, R. D., Marsh, A., McArthur, B. A., Christakis, D., Fearon, P. R. M., & Madigan, S. L. (2026) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.4339
- Authors
- Ghai, S., Fassi, L., Awadh, F., & Orben, A.
- Affiliations
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ghai, Sakshi
- Venue
- Clinical Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-02-07
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 759-772
- ISSN
- 2167-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 2167-7034
- PMC
- PMC10491482
- OpenAlex
- W4319788437
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Psychological Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- G.C Grindley Fund
- Christ’s College Bursary
- medical research council
- emmanuel college, university of cambridge
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, social media use, sample diversity, Global South, Global North, research generalizability, regional variation, sampling bias
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