A systematic review and meta-analysis of discrepancies between logged and self-reported digital media use
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Abstract
There is widespread public and academic interest in understanding the uses and effects of digital media. Scholars primarily use self-report measures of the quantity or duration of media use as proxies for more objective measures, but the validity of these self-reports remains unclear. Advancements in data collection techniques have produced a collection of studies indexing both self-reported and log-based measures. To assess the alignment between these measures, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of this research. Based on 106 effect sizes, we found that self-reported media use correlates only moderately with logged measurements, that self-reports were rarely an accurate reflection of logged media use and that measures of problematic media use show an even weaker association with usage logs. These findings raise concerns about the validity of findings relying solely on self-reported measures of media use.
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Log-based measures have their own validity threats, such as technical errors and erroneous tracing of SM apps running in the background when the screen is turned off.
“However, although log-based measures are often seen as the gold standard, they have their own validity threats, such as technical errors and the erroneous tracing of SM apps running in the background when the screen is turned off [42,43].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) identifies technical errors as a threat to log-based measures and says tracking may mistakenly count background activity as active use. It does not specify social-media apps running while the screen is off. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe uMARS is a self-report measure that may not be a reliable indicator of actual usage.
“Despite these encouraging findings, the uMARS is a self-report measure, which according to a recent meta-analysis (Parry et al., 2021) may not be a reliable indicator of actual usage.”
From Pilot study of a well-being app to support New Zealand young people during the COVID-19 pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Parry et al., 2021
The Discussion says self-reported media use may not be a valid stand-in for usage logs and cautions against treating self-reports as accurate indicators of actual behaviour. It does not assess uMARS specifically, so it supports the general caution but not a finding about that measure. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDevice-based measures can provide a more accurate assessment of social media use than self-reported tools.
“It was recently suggested that that device-based measures can provide a more accurate assessment of social media use than self-reported tools (Parry et al., 2021;Sewall et al., 2022).”
From Relation Between Social Media Use and Body Image Concerns and Disordered Eating in Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2026) · cites this paper as Parry et al., 2021
Self-report measures of time spent with SM correlate only moderately with similar log-based measures.
“Indeed, self-report measures of time spent with SM correlate only moderately with similar log-based measures [42,43].”
From Social media use and its impact on adolescent mental health: An umbrella review of the evidence. (2022) · cites this paper as [42]
The correspondence between self-reported and logged social media use is far from perfect.
“a recent systematic review has evidenced that the correspondence between self-reported and logged social media use is far from perfect (Parry et al., 2021).”
From Do New Forms of Reading Pay Off? A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Leisure Digital Reading Habits and Text Comprehension (2025) · cites this paper as Parry et al., 2021
A recent meta-analysis found only moderate correlations between self-reported and objective measures of social media use.
“a recent meta-analysis found only moderate correlations between self-reported and objective measures of use (Parry et al., 2021).”
From Time Spent on Social Media and Associations with Mental Health in Young Adults: Examining TikTok, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook, Youtube, Snapchat, and Reddit (2025) · cites this paper as Parry et al., 2021
Self-reported media use correlates only moderately with logged measurements and self-reports are a somewhat inaccurate reflection of logged (true) media use.
“A recent meta-analysis has found that self-reported media use correlates only moderately with logged measurements and that self-reports are a somewhat inaccurate reflection of logged (true) media use76.”
From The impact of digital media on children’s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background (2022) · cites this paper as [76]
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Digital Strategies for Screen Time Reduction: A Randomized Field Experiment
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Longitudinal and daily associations between adolescent self-control and digital technology use.
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- Authors
- Parry, D. A., Davidson, B. I., Sewall, C. J. R., Fisher, J. T., Mieczkowski, H., & Quintana, D. S.
- Affiliations
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Parry, Douglas A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Human Behaviour
- Published
- 2021-05-17
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1535-1547
- ISSN
- 2397-3374 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3162414724
- Semantic Scholar
- da0492d6a38ad15f97a61ede4cdb7cfa4d655571
- Cited by
- 793
- References
- 108
- Citations by year
- 2026: 152 · 2025: 150 · 2024: 145 · 2023: 165 · 2022: 117 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 6 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 23.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Human Behaviour (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Pure (University of Bath) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- digital media use, usage logs, measurement validity, self-report accuracy, problematic media use, self-assessment bias
- MeSH terms
- Screen Time, Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Self Report, Social Media
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