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Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: STEMing the Tide and Broadening Participation in STEM Careers
Open accessAbstract
Scientific advances fuel American economic competitiveness, quality of life, and national security. Much of the future job growth is projected in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). However, the supply of domestic students who pursue STEM careers remains small relative to the demand. On the supply side, girls and women represent untapped human capital that, if leveraged, could enhance the STEM workforce, given that they comprise 50% of the American population and more than 50% of the college-bound population. Yet the scarcity of women in STEM careers remains stark. What drives these gender disparities in STEM? And what are the solutions? Research points to different answers depending on the stage of human development. Distinct obstacles occur during three developmental periods: (a) childhood and adolescence, (b) emerging adulthood, and (c) young-to-middle adulthood. This article describes how specific learning environments, peer relations, and family characteristics become obstacles to STEM interest, achievement, and persistence in each period. Evidence-based policies and programs promise to eliminate these obstacles, increasing girls and women’s participation in STEM.
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“Educators can influence girls' interest in STEM by incorporating hands-on, applied learning experiences, showcasing female role models, fostering positive STEM identities, and creating informal learning environments (Dasgupta & Stout, 2014;Hughes et al., 2013).”
From Fostering students’ motivation and self-efficacy in science, technology, engineering, and design through design thinking and making in project-based learning: a gender-perspective study in primary education (2025) · cites this paper as Dasgupta & Stout, 2014
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dasgupta, N., & Stout, J. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Computing Research Association (US)
- Venue
- Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-29
- ISSN
- 2372-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-7330
- OpenAlex
- W2100971833
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 64 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 20.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1132651, 0547967)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Science Education and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Technology in Education
- Keywords
- girls in STEM, women in STEM, gender disparities, STEM workforce, STEM education, human capital, developmental stages, childhood and adolescence, emerging adulthood, learning environment, peer relationships, family factors, STEM persistence, evidence-based programs
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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