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Cited by 390Parasitic infections in humans and animalsParasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentParasites and Host Interactions

Human toxocariasis: diagnosis, worldwide seroprevalences and clinical expression of the systemic and ocular forms

Rubinsky-Elefant, G., Hirata, C. E., Yamamoto, J. H., Ferreira, M. U.·2010·Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology
DOI 10.1179/136485910x12607012373957
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Abstract

Although human toxocariasis ranks among the most common zoonotic infections worldwide, it remains relatively unknown to the public. The causal agents are the nematode parasites Toxocara canis and T. cati, whose definitive hosts are dogs and cats, respectively. When embryonated eggs are accidentally ingested by humans, larvae hatch in the small intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate, via the bloodstream, to the liver, lungs, muscles, eye and central nervous system. Although most human infections are asymptomatic, two well-defined clinical syndromes are classically recognised: visceral larva migrans (a systemic disease caused by larval migration through major organs) and ocular larva migrans (a disease limited to the eyes and optic nerves). Two less-severe syndromes have recently been described, one mainly in children (covert toxocariasis) and the other mainly in adults (common toxocariasis). Here, the current laboratory diagnosis, epidemiology and main clinical features of both the systemic and ocular forms of human toxocariasis are reviewed. New developments in serological diagnosis are described, the available seroprevalence data are analysed, and the results of relevant clinical studies that have been published over the last decade are explored, to provide an updated overview of this neglected but highly prevalent human infection.

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Crossref · 10.1179/136485910x12607012373957

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  • Despite infection by Toxocara spp. being the most prevalent human helminthosis in some industrialized countries, public awareness of this syndrome is scant.

    “despite the infection by Toxocara spp. is the most prevalent human helminthosis in some industrialized countries, public awareness of this syndrome is scant [201]”

    From Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming (2012) · cites this paper as [201]

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Authors
Rubinsky-Elefant, G., Hirata, C. E., Yamamoto, J. H., & Ferreira, M. U.
Affiliations
Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
ORCID
Venue
Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2010-01
Volume
104
Issue
1
Pages
3-23
ISSN
  • 0003-4983 (ISSN-L)
  • 1364-8594
DOI
10.1179/136485910x12607012373957
OpenAlex
W1971181215
Cited by
390
References
187
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 32
FWCI
2.99
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
Keywords
human toxocariasis, Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati, visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, seroprevalence, serological diagnosis, zoonoses, clinical syndromes, neglected parasitic diseases
MeSH terms
Animals, Animals, Domestic, Anthelmintics, Cat Diseases, Cats, Disease Reservoirs, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Female, Humans, Larva Migrans, Larva Migrans, Visceral, Male, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Rural Health, Soil, Toxocara, Urban Health, Global Health, Eye Infections, Parasitic, Seroepidemiologic Studies

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