Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach and Esophagus and Drinking Water and Dietary Sources of Nitrate and Nitrite
Open accessAbstract
We conducted a population-based case-control study of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus in Nebraska, U.S.A. Nitrate concentrations in public drinking water supplies were linked to residential water source histories. Among those using private wells at the time of the interview, we measured nitrate levels in water samples from wells. Dietary nitrate and nitrite were estimated from a food-frequency questionnaire. Among those who primarily used public water supplies (79 distal stomach, 84 esophagus, 321 controls), average nitrate levels were not associated with risk (highest versus lowest quartile: stomach OR=1.2, 95% CI [0.5-2.7]; esophagus OR=1.3, 95% CI [0.6-3.1]). We observed the highest ORs for distal stomach cancer among those with higher water nitrate ingestion and higher intake of processed meat compared with low intakes of both; however, the test for positive interaction was not significant (p=0.213). We did not observe this pattern for esophagus cancer. Increasing intake of nitrate and nitrite from animal sources was associated with elevated ORs for stomach cancer and with a significant positive trend in risk of esophagus cancer (P-trend=0.325 and 0.015, respectively). Larger studies with higher exposures to drinking water sources of nitrate are warranted to further evaluate N-nitroso compound precursors as risk factors for these cancers.
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- Authors
- Ward, M. H., Heineman, E. F., Markin, R. S., & Weisenburger, D. D.
- Affiliations
- National Cancer Institute (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 193-197
- ISSN
- 1077-3525 (ISSN-L)
- 2049-3967
- PMC
- PMC2797489
- OpenAlex
- W1985169519
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Cancer Institute (Z01CP010125)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- gastric adenocarcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, nitrate, nitrite, drinking water, private wells, processed meat, dietary intake, N-nitroso compounds, cancer risk factors, Nebraska
- MeSH terms
- Adenocarcinoma, Diet, Esophageal Neoplasms, Humans, Nebraska, Nitrates, Nitrites, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stomach Neoplasms, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Water Supply, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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