Particulate matter and the airway epithelium: the special case of the underground?
Open accessAbstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a leading driver of premature mortality and cardiopulmonary morbidity, associated with exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer. The airway epithelium, as the principal site of PM deposition, is critical to the effects of, and initial response to, PM. A key mechanism by which PM exerts its effects is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing antioxidant and inflammatory responses in exposed epithelial cells. However, much of what is known about the effects of PM is based on research using particulates from urban air. PM from underground railways is compositionally highly distinct from urban PM, being rich in metals associated with wheel, rail and brake wear and electrical arcing and component wear, which endows underground PM with potent ROS-generating capacity. In addition, underground PM appears to be more inflammogenic than urban PM in epithelial cells, but there is a lack of research into effects on exposed individuals, especially those with underlying health conditions. This review summarises current knowledge about the effects of PM on the airway epithelium, how the effects of underground PM may be different to urban PM and the potential health consequences and mitigation strategies for commuters and workers in underground railways.
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The outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 in cities such as Seoul, Korea, and Beijing, China, reach up to 200 μg/m3 and 800 μg/m3, respectively.
“The outdoor concentrations of PM2.5 in cities such as Seoul, Korea, and Beijing, China, reach up to 200 μg/m3 (about 0.2 ng/mL) and 800 μg/m3 (about 0.8 ng/mL), respectively (https://aqicn.org) (2, 25, 70, 75).”
From Particulate matter causes skin barrier dysfunction. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Table 1 (Underground railways; page unavailable) lists ambient PM2.5 concentrations for several cities, but not Seoul or Beijing. Searches for those cities and the claimed 200 and 800 µg/m³ values found no passage in our copy reporting those peaks. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Cooper, D. M., & Loxham, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Loxham, Matthew
- Venue
- European Respiratory Review
- Publisher
- European Respiratory Society (ERS)
- Published
- 2019-09-25
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 153
- Pages
- 190066
- ISSN
- 0905-9180 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-0617
- PMC
- PMC9488653
- OpenAlex
- W2976626953
- Cited by
- 80
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 4.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Respiratory Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR-INF-0016)
- Academy of Medical Sciences (SBF003\1063)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/P011365/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- particulate matter, airway epithelium, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress, inflammation, urban particulate matter, asthma exacerbations, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Air Pollutants, Occupational, Air Pollution, Humans, Railroads, Risk Factors, Occupational Health, Occupational Exposure, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Risk Assessment, Inflammation Mediators, Inhalation Exposure, Respiratory Mucosa, Particulate Matter
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