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pain DETECT : a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Nociceptive and neuropathic components both contribute to pain. Since these components require different pain management strategies, correct pain diagnosis before and during treatment is highly desirable. As low back pain (LBP) patients constitute an important subgroup of chronic pain patients, we addressed the following issues: (i) to establish a simple, validated screening tool to detect neuropathic pain (NeP) components in chronic LBP patients, (ii) to determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain components in LBP in a large-scale survey, and (iii) to determine whether LBP patients with an NeP component suffer from worse, or different, co-morbidities. METHODS: In co-operation with the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain we developed and validated the painDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) in a prospective, multicentre study and subsequently applied it to approximately 8000 LBP patients. RESULTS: The PD-Q is a reliable screening tool with high sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive accuracy; these were 84% in a palm-top computerised version and 85%, 80% and 83%, respectively, in a corresponding pencil-and-paper questionnaire. In an unselected cohort of chronic LBP patients, 37% were found to have predominantly neuropathic pain. Patients with NeP showed higher ratings of pain intensity, with more (and more severe) co-morbidities such as depression, panic/anxiety and sleep disorders. This also affected functionality and use of health-care resources. On the basis of given prevalence of LBP in the general population, we calculated that 14.5% of all female and 11.4% of all male Germans suffer from LBP with a predominant neuropathic pain component. CONCLUSION: Simple, patient-based, easy-to-use screening questionnaires can determine the prevalence of neuropathic pain components both in individual LBP patients and in heterogeneous cohorts of such patients. Since NeP correlates with more intense pain, more severe co-morbidity and poorer quality of life, accurate diagnosis is a milestone in choosing appropriate therapy.
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“Participants will be randomized to stratified blocks based on sex/gender and pain type (neuropathic, non-neuropathic, mixed or undetermined), assessed via the Pain DETECT[50] measure and the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs (LANSS)[51] to ensure uniform distribution of these factors across the three conditions.”
From The chronic pain skills study: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial comparing hypnosis, mindfulness meditation and pain education in Veterans (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
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“This is a popular well-validated measure of pain severity used in research and clinical settings.”
From Risk Factors for Self-Harm Ideation among Persons Treated with Opioids for Chronic Low Back Pain (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
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“The ‘painDETECT’ (Freynhagen et al., 2006) and the ‘Standardized Evaluation of Pain (StEP) (Scholz et al., 2009) have been developed and preliminarily validated specifically in patient populations with low back pain disorders.”
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van Hecke, O., Kamerman, P. R., Attal, N., Baron, R., Björnsdóttir, G., Bennett, D., Bennett, M., Bouhassira, D., Diatchenko, L. B., Freeman, R. L., et al. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000335 · Cited by 85
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Self-citationPersistent postsurgical pain after video‐assisted thoracic surgery – an observational study
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“Some, such as an early study using PainDETECT (which found that 37% of people presenting to primary care with low back pain were also categorised with lumbar radiculopathy)[28] have been able to approach this in individual conditions.”
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“…(WQ) 76 , Brief History of Pain Questionnaire (BHPQ; an in-house measure with questions adapted from the McGill Pain Questionnaire 77 and painDETECT 78 ), Trait Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) 79 , State and Trait Anxiety Inventory form X (STAI) state subscale 80 , Penn State Worry…”
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“painDETECT [31] Nine items: 7 weighted sensory descriptor items and 2 items relating to the spatial and temporal characteristics of the individual pain pattern”
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“e Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory, with scores ranging from 0 to 63 and higher scores (29-63) indicating more severe depressive symptoms.”
MethodModification of the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory for use in eye pain (NPSI-Eye)
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“91 for neuropathic pain assessed by a clinician [17].”
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“The group with intermediate scores (13-18) is classified as unclear or possible neuropathic [11].”
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“In daily clinical practice it is to our opinion more appropriate to speak of a present neuropathic pain component (present NePC) or absent neuropathic pain component (absent NePC)[2, 3].”
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“Pain phenotype (nociceptive, mixed, neuropathic) was evaluated using the painDETECT questionnaire (PDQ7).(102,103)”
MethodInfluence of deep brain stimulation and levodopa on sensory signs in Parkinson's disease
Gierthmühlen, J., Arning, P., Binder, A., Herzog, J., Deuschl, G., Wasner, G. L., & Baron, R. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23128 · Cited by 79
“The painDETECT score is based on the painDETECT-questionnaire.(10) This instrument comprises nine questions regarding the severity, course, and nature of the patient’s pain.”
MethodSelf-citationNeuropathic Pain in the Elderly
Giovannini, S., Coraci, D., Brau, F., Galluzzo, V., Loreti, C., Caliandro, P., Padua, L., Maccauro, G., Biscotti, L., & Bernabei, R. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040613 · Cited by 78
“There are also questionnaires administrable to patients, such as DN4 [37] and painDETECT [38], which are designed to screen the subjective characteristics of neuropathic pain (such as burning, tingling, sensitivity to touch, pain caused by light pressure, electric shock-like pain, pain to cold or heat and numbness).”
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“Chronic pain often has both nociceptive and neuropathic components, with back pain being the most common example.(4) Symptoms indicative of NP have been reported by around one-third of patients with back pain.”
Efficacy of Tapentadol ER for Managing Moderate to Severe Chronic Pain
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“Several tools have been developed to screen and diagnose NP (Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, 19 Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions, 32 painDETECT, 33 but their use seems not to be frequent in general practice.”
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“In addition to the study specific questionnaire, the painDETECT® questionnaire (PDQ) was mailed to the enrolled patients [19].”
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“Our hypothesis is that pain in chronic pancreatitis is accompanied by alterations in pain processing, and that this is influenced by disease stage [23].”
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Part of pain labelled neuropathic in rheumatic disease might be rather nociplastic
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The Impact of Psychological Factors and Their Treatment on the Results of Total Knee Arthroplasty
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“); and 4) the use of a neuropathic pain screening tool (painDETECT) suggested a strong neuropathic component (15) to the patient’s pain complaint.”
BackgroundAssessment of Chronic Pain After Thoracotomy
Mongardon, N., Pinton-Gonnet, C., Székély, B., Michel-Cherqui, M., Dreyfus, J., & Fischler, M. (2011) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e31821981a3 · Cited by 73
“This is not in accordance with Steegers et al16 and Freynhagen et al.7 Numerous risk factors for the development of chronic pain have been suggested: young age,2,18 female sex,18–20 posterolateral incision,15 or the extent of the surgical procedure depending on the incision size, site, chest wall approach, complementa…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAll about pain pharmacology: what pain physicians should know
Kim, K.-H., Seo, H.-J., Abdi, S., & Huh, B. (2020) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.2020.33.2.108 · Cited by 75
“The total score varies from 0 to 8 [42].”
BackgroundZeng, L., Alongkronrusmee, D., & van Rijn, R. M. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s125987 · Cited by 72
“Screening questionnaires are available for NeuP, including the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs, 34 PainDetect, 35 and Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4).”
MethodMeier, M. L., Stämpfli, P., Vrana, A., Humphreys, B. K., Seifritz, E., & Hotz-Boendermaker, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00386 · Cited by 73
“The triple NRS scales measure current pain, strongest and average pain intensity in the previous 4 weeks (Freynhagen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSchlereth, T. (2020) · Neurological Research and Practice · doi:10.1186/s42466-020-00063-3 · Cited by 75
Baron, R., Martín-Mola, E., Müller, M., Dubois, C., Falke, D., & Steigerwald, I. (2014) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12200 · Cited by 71
Self-citationPark, S., Lee, H.-J., Park, H., Choi, J.-Y., Kwon, O., Lee, S., Kim, H., & Yeom, J. S. (2022) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2022.09.003 · Cited by 70
The evaluation of pain in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A case controlled observational study
Wallace, V. C. J., Ellis, C., Burman, R., Knights, C., Shaw, C. E., & Al‐Chalabi, A. (2014) · Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration · doi:10.3109/21678421.2014.951944 · Cited by 70
The amygdala, a relay station for switching on and off pain
Rouwette, T., Vanelderen, P., Roubos, E. W., Kozicz, T., & Vissers, K. C. P. (2011) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00071.x · Cited by 70
Javaid, M. K., Forestier-Zhang, L., Watts, L. M., Turner, A., Ponte, C., Teare, H., Gray, D., Gray, N., Popert, R., Hogg, J., et al. (2016) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0528-6 · Cited by 70
“Validated patient reported outcome questionnaires used include, for adults, the EQ5D-5 L [11], SF-36 [12], Nottingham Activities of Daily Living score activity [13], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [14], McGill pain [15], PainDetect questionnaires [16], Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale [17], Functional Assessment…”
MethodMulvey, M. R., Boland, E. G., Bouhassira, D., Freynhagen, R., Hardy, J. R., Hjermstad, M. J., Mercadante, S., Pérez, C., & Bennett, M. (2017) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aex175 · Cited by 70
“• A classification of pain using one or more of the following screening tools for neuropathic pain: LANSS(14), DN4(15), PDQ.(16) • Sufficient data for sensitivity and specificity values to be extracted or to be calculated.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationIndividualized neuropathic pain therapy based on phenotyping: are we there yet?
Forstenpointner, J., Otto, J. C., & Baron, R. (2017) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001088 · Cited by 69
“A further possibility to assess symptoms in patients with neuropathic pain is the use of “Patient-Reported Outcomes” (questionnaires such as the Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory [NPSI]7) and the painDETECT Questionnaire.16 Pain-related sensory symptoms are evaluated directly from the patients and therefore can be us…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTampin, B., Slater, H., Jacques, A., & Lind, C. R. P. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1586 · Cited by 69
“• Functional status (ODI) (Fairbank & Pynsent, 2000) • Pain intensity (NRS) • Bothersomeness of back and leg pain, pain descriptors (Freynhagen et al., 2006) • Change in symptoms (Patient Global Impression of Change Scale) (Dworkin et al.”
BackgroundPain patterns in chronic pancreatitis: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study
Kempeneers, M. A., Issa, Y., Verdonk, R. C., Bruno, M. J., Fockens, P., van Goor, H., Alofs, E., Bollen, T. L., Bouwense, S. A. W., van Dalen, A. S. H. M., et al. (2020) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322117 · Cited by 69
Baron, R., Likar, R., Martín-Mola, E., Blanco, F. J., Kennes, L. N., Müller, M., Falke, D., & Steigerwald, I. (2015) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12308 · Cited by 73
Self-citationNeuropathic pain and use of PainDETECT in patients with fibromyalgia: a cohort study
Gauffin, J., Hankama, T., Kautiainen, H., Hannonen, P., & Haanpää, M. (2013) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-21 · Cited by 69
“PainDETECT, which was developed and validated in Germany, incorporates a self-report questionnaire with 9 items [12].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfficacy of Duloxetine in Chronic Low Back Pain with a Neuropathic Component
Schukro, R. P., Oehmke, M. J., Geroldinger, A., Heinze, G., Kress, H. G., & Pramhas, S. (2015) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000000902 · Cited by 70
Validation of the Dutch Version of the DN 4 Diagnostic Questionnaire for Neuropathic Pain
van Seventer, R., Vos, C., Giezeman, M. J. M. M., Meerding, W., Arnould, B., Regnault, A., van Eerd, M., Martin, C. G. M., & Huygen, F. J. P. M. (2012) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12006 · Cited by 69
Didangelos, T., Karlafti, E., Kotzakioulafi, E., Kontoninas, Z., Margaritidis, C., Giannoulaki, P., & Kantartzis, K. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113254 · Cited by 70
Treatment choices and neuropsychological symptoms of a large cohort of early MS
von Bismarck, O., Dankowski, T., Ambrosius, B., Heßler, N., Antony, G., Ziegler, A., Hoshi, M., Aly, L., Luessi, F., Groppa, S., et al. (2018) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000000446 · Cited by 69
Epidermal growth factor receptor – inhibition (EGFR-I) in the treatment of neuropathic pain
Kersten, C., Cameron, M. G., Laird, B. J. A., & Mjåland, S. (2015) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1093/bja/aev326 · Cited by 67
“The painDETECT questionnaire was used to support the diagnosis of neuropathic pain; with scores≥18 indicating a 90% likelihood of neuropathic pain.(19)”
MethodWhitaker, L. H. R., Reid, J., Choa, A., McFee, S., Seretny, M., Wilson, J., Elton, R. A., Vincent, K., & Horne, A. W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151950 · Cited by 72
“PainDETECTTM[16] is commonly used in clinical practice and has been well validated in NeP outwith the pelvis.”
MethodHjermstad, M. J., Lie, H. C., Caraceni, A. T., Currow, D. C., Fainsinger, R. L., Gundersen, O. E., Haugen, D. F., Heitzer, E., Radbruch, L., Stone, P. C., et al. (2012) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.10.025 · Cited by 66
Baron, R., Jansen, J., Binder, A., Pombo‐Suárez, M., Kennes, L. N., Müller, M., Falke, D., & Steigerwald, I. (2015) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12361 · Cited by 66
“Low back pain is very common(1) and, in the majority of cases, is associated with a neuropathic pain component.(2)”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationTapentadol in cancer pain management: a prospective open-label study
Mercadante, S., Porzio, G., Ferrera, P., Aielli, F., Adile, C., Ficorella, C., Giarratano, A., & Casuccio, A. (2012) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.739151 · Cited by 65
C-tactile touch perception in patients with chronic pain disorders
Goßrau, G., Klimová, A., Lapp, H. S., Frost, M., Peschel, E., Weidner, K., Koch, T., Sabatowski, R., & Croy, I. (2021) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000941 · Cited by 64
S2k-Leitlinie: Diagnose und nicht interventionelle Therapie neuropathischer Schmerzen
Schlereth, T. (2019) · DGNeurologie · doi:10.1007/s42451-019-00139-8 · Cited by 65
Gait Stability and Its Influencing Factors in Older Adults
Hamacher, D., Liebl, D., Hödl, C., Heßler, V., Kniewasser, C., Thönnessen, T., & Zech, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01955 · Cited by 63
Guidelines in the management of diabetic nerve pain clinical utility of pregabalin
Vinik, A., & Casellini (2013) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s24825 · Cited by 63
The role of transdermal buprenorphine in the treatment of cancer pain: an expert panel consensus
Pergolizzi, J. V., Mercadante, S., Echaburu, A. V., den Eynden, B. V., Fragoso, R. M., Mordarski, S., Lybaert, W., Beniak, J., Orońska, A., & Sláma, O. (2009) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007990902920731 · Cited by 63
Rating Scales for Pain in Parkinson's Disease: Critique and Recommendations
Perez‐Lloret, S., de Andrade, D. C., Lyons, K. E., Rodríguez‐Blázquez, C., Chaudhuri, К. R., Deuschl, G., Cruccu, G., Sampaio, C., Goetz, C. G., Schrag, A. E., et al. (2016) · Movement Disorders Clinical Practice · doi:10.1002/mdc3.12384 · Cited by 63
“The scale discriminates between patients with neuropathic or nociceptive pain.(71) Responsiveness has not been evaluated.”
BackgroundMethodMüller-Schwefe, G. H. H., Morlion, B. J., Ahlbeck, K., Alon, E., Coaccioli, S., Coluzzi, F., Huygen, F. J. P. M., Jaksch, W., Kalso, E. A., Kocot-Kępska, M., et al. (2017) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1298521 · Cited by 66
Assessment of Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments to Assess Chronic Low Back Pain
Ramasamy, A., Martin, M. L., Blum, S. I., Liedgens, H., Argoff, C. E., Freynhagen, R., Wallace, M. S., McCarrier, K. P., Bushnell, D. M., Hatley, N. V., et al. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnw357 · Cited by 63
Self-citationMarcuzzi, A., Wrigley, P. J., Dean, C. M., Graham, P. L., & Hush, J. M. (2018) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000641 · Cited by 63
“%) will be significantly disabled as a result of LBP.2 The reasons underlying failure to recover from an acute episode of LBP are not yet understood.”
MethodInfluentialThe Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
SLOAN, G. P., Alam, U., Selvarajah, D., & Tesfaye, S. H. (2021) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573399817666210707112413 · Cited by 67
Gudbergsen, H., Bartels, E. M., Krusager, P., Wæhrens, E. E., Christensen, R., Danneskiold‐Samsøe, B., & Bliddal, H. (2011) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-12-190 · Cited by 62
“For the single most common arthritic disease, KOA [10], a selection of relevant HSQs are: Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) [11], VAS pain, function and patient disability [12], Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) [13], Physical Activity Scale [14], painDETECT [15] and Activity of Da…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEfficacy of Combination of Meloxicam and Pregabalin for Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis
Ohtori, S., Inoue, G., Orita, S., Takaso, M., Eguchi, Y., Ochiai, N., Kishida, S., Kuniyoshi, K., Aoki, Y., Ishikawa, T., et al. (2013) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2013.54.5.1253 · Cited by 62
Central poststroke pain in young ischemic stroke survivors in the Helsinki Young Stroke Registry
Harno, H., Haapaniemi, E., Jukka Putaala, A., Haanpää, M. L., Mäkelä, J. P., Kalso, E. A., & Tatlisumak, T. (2014) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000818 · Cited by 63
“unlikely) and $19 (a neuropathic component is likely) were used.(13) The BPI is a numeric rating scale questionnaire with questions about the severity of pain (Severity Scale) and its impact on daily living (Interference Scale).”
BackgroundVas, L. C. (2014) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2014/17/494 · Cited by 62
Umari, M., Carpanese, V., Moro, V., Baldo, G., Addesa, S., Lena, E., Lovadina, S., & Lucangelo, U. (2017) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezx413 · Cited by 61
Cedraschi, C., Delézay, S., Marty, M., Berenbaum, F., Bouhassira, D., Henrotin, Y. E., Laroche, F., & Perrot, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0079988 · Cited by 61
“In neuropathic pain, several authors have developed specific questionnaires to improve the analysis of pain sensation, such as PainDetect [9], LANNS [8] and NPSI [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialBryce, T. N., Richards, J. S., Bombardier, C. H., Dijkers, M. P. J. M., Fann, J. R., Brooks, L., Chiodo, A. E., Tate, D. G., & Forchheimer, M. B. (2014) · Spinal Cord · doi:10.1038/sc.2014.21 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Freynhagen, R., Baron, R., Gockel, U., & Tölle, T. R.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein (DE)
- Pfizer (Germany) (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Freynhagen, Rainer
- Venue
- Current Medical Research and Opinion
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-08-29
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1911-1920
- ISSN
- 0300-7995 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-4877
- OpenAlex
- W2154693681
- Cited by
- 2,280
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 158 · 2025: 182 · 2024: 187 · 2023: 177 · 2022: 172 · 2021: 179 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 121 · 2018: 161 · 2017: 128 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 99 · 2014: 99 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 12.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Medical Research and Opinion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- neuropathic pain, low back pain, chronic pain, painDETECT questionnaire, screening questionnaire, prevalence, comorbidities, depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, pain intensity, quality of life, health care utilization, pain diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Chronic Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Comorbidity, Low Back Pain
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