Patient empowerment and optimal glycemic control
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This review updates the clinician on strategies of insulin use and educational approaches to empower their patients to use insulin correctly in self-management treatment plans. DESIGN AND METHODS: A PubMed literature search was conducted to identify peer-reviewed clinical trials published in English in the last 10 years. Search terms used were 'glycemic control', 'insulin', and 'type 2 diabetes'. An additional search to include the terms 'patient empowerment' and 'self-management' was also conducted. Some articles relevant to this review may not have been identified using these terms. Oral antidiabetes agents in conjunction with insulin are not addressed. RESULTS: A total of 562 articles were initially identified. Papers that did not provide data pertinent to the efficacy and tolerance of insulin types for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were excluded. Based on methodology, results, and clinical implications, 12 clinical trials were included for discussion in this review. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with T2DM who are empowered with knowledge about their disease and treatment can take an active role in their diabetes care, and therefore, are more likely to achieve blood glucose and A1C goals, which can slow progression of their disease and the onset of complications. Although concentrating solely on medical information and physiological facts does not guarantee patient empowerment and self-management, educational strategies such as interactive teaching, problem solving and individualized education can have a positive impact. Insulin titration algorithms can empower patients to manage their therapy, and such algorithms are simple to use for patients treated with insulin analogs. As patients with T2DM become empowered by knowledge and gain more control of their disease, their physicians must then serve as their advisors rather than as their directors or prescribers.
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In many clinical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure, outcomes and quality of life are improved when patients have access to their clinical data and play a role in managing their own symptoms.
“In many clinical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure, 63 outcomes and QOL are improved when patients have access to their clinical data and play a role in managing their own symptoms.64,65”
From Managing with pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (2013) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- White, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Missouri–Kansas City (US)
- Corresponding author
- White, Russell D.
- ORCID
- White, Russell D.
- Venue
- Current Medical Research and Opinion
- Publisher
- Informa Healthcare
- Published
- 2012-05-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 979-989
- ISSN
- 0300-7995 (ISSN-L)
- 1473-4877
- OpenAlex
- W2049908365
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Medical Research and Opinion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- patient empowerment, glycemic control, type 2 diabetes, insulin therapy, self-management education, insulin analogues, physician-patient relationship, diabetes self-management
- MeSH terms
- Blood Glucose, Clinical Trials as Topic, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Power, Psychological, Self Care, Patient-Centered Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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