Molecular evolution of the keratin associated protein gene family in mammals, role in the evolution of mammalian hair
Open accessAbstract
Background: Hair is unique to mammals. Keratin associated proteins (KRTAPs), which contain two major groups: high/ultrahigh cysteine and high glycine-tyrosine, are one of the major components of hair and play essential roles in the formation of rigid and resistant hair shafts. Results: The KRTAP family was identified as being unique to mammals, and near-complete KRTAP gene repertoires for eight mammalian genomes were characterized in this study. An expanded KRTAP gene repertoire was found in rodents. Surprisingly, humans have a similar number of genes as other primates despite the relative hairlessness of humans. We identified several new subfamilies not previously reported in the high/ultrahigh cysteine KRTAP genes. Genes in many subfamilies of the high/ultrahigh cysteine KRTAP genes have evolved by concerted evolution with frequent gene conversion events, yielding a higher GC base content for these gene sequences. In contrast, the high glycine-tyrosine KRTAP genes have evolved more dynamically, with fewer gene conversion events and thus have a lower GC base content, possibly due to positive selection. Conclusion: Most of the subfamilies emerged early in the evolution of mammals, thus we propose that the mammalian ancestor should have a diverse KRTAP gene repertoire. We propose that hair content characteristics have evolved and diverged rapidly among mammals because of rapid divergent evolution of KRTAPs between species. In contrast, subfamilies of KRTAP genes have been homogenized within each species due to concerted evolution.
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Keratins and keratin-associated proteins are conserved across multiple species, with family members encoding principal structural components of hair and wool.
“Keratins and the keratin-associated proteins are conserved across multiple species with family members encoding the principal structural components of hair and wool160–163.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [161]
The Background (page unavailable) says alpha-keratins and keratin-associated proteins are the major components of hair. The Discussion (page unavailable) finds KRTAP subfamily members across the mammals studied, but the Conclusion says KRTAPs diverged rapidly between species; the copy does not establish conservation of the proteins themselves or specifically discuss wool. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Wu, D.-D., Irwin, D. M., & Zhang, Y.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kunming Institute of Zoology (CN)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Ya-Ping
- Venue
- BMC Evolutionary Biology
- Published
- 2008-08-23
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 241-241
- ISSN
- 1471-2148 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2528016
- OpenAlex
- W2059503064
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2009-08-25)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30430110, 973 Program, 30621092, 2007CB411600)
- National Key Research and Development Program of China (2007CB411600)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Keywords
- keratin-associated proteins, hair shaft structure, rodents, concerted evolution, gene conversion, positive selection, GC content
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Base Composition, Gene Conversion, Multigene Family, Hair, Humans, Keratins, Mammals, Phylogeny, Pseudogenes, Recombination, Genetic, Species Specificity, Genome, Human, Evolution, Molecular, Gene Duplication
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