The TrueBlue study: Is practice nurse-led collaborative care effective in the management of depression for patients with heart disease or diabetes?
Open accessAbstract
Background: In the presence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) or coronary heart disease (CHD), depression is under diagnosed and under treated despite being associated with worse clinical outcomes. Our earlier pilot study demonstrated that it was feasible, acceptable and affordable for practice nurses to extend their role to include screening for and monitoring of depression alongside biological and lifestyle risk factors. The current study will compare the clinical outcomes of our model of practice nurse-led collaborative care with usual care for patients with depression and T2DM or CHD. Methods: This is a cluster-randomised intervention trial. Eighteen general practices from regional and metropolitan areas agreed to join this study, and were allocated randomly to an intervention or control group. We aim to recruit 50 patients with co-morbid depression and diabetes or heart disease from each of these practices. In the intervention group, practice nurses (PNs) will be trained for their enhanced roles in this nurse-led collaborative care study. Patients will be invited to attend a practice nurse consultation every 3 months prior to seeing their usual general practitioner. The PN will assess psychological, physiological and lifestyle parameters then work with the patient to set management goals. The outcome of this assessment will form the basis of a GP Management Plan document. In the control group, the patients will continue to receive their usual care for the first six months of the study before the PNs undergo the training and switch to the intervention protocol. The primary clinical outcome will be a reduction in the depression score. The study will also measure the impact on physiological measures, quality of life and on patient attitude to health care delivered by practice nurses. Conclusion: The strength of this programme is that it provides a sustainable model of chronic disease management with monitoring and self-management assistance for physiological, lifestyle and psychological risk factors for high-risk patients with co-morbid depression, diabetes or heart disease. The study will demonstrate whether nurse-led collaborative care achieves better outcomes than usual care.
Verifying this paper
8 of 9 steps done · this page updates itself — you can leave and come back
- Registry recordVerified
- Full textRead the full text
- Reference list20 references found
- Reference checkChecking each cited work — 19 of 19
- StatisticsNeeds the full text
- ClaimsNeeds the full text
- Cited sourcesNeeds claims to check
- Self-checkNeeds the full text
- VerificationFindings verified
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Forty-four RCTs examined the impact of interventions on disease-specific outcomes.
“Forty four RCTs examined the impact of interventions on disease specific outcomes”
From Helping patients help themselves: A systematic review of self-management support strategies in primary health care practice (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Methods/design section describes one planned cluster-randomised trial, not a review of 44 RCTs. Searches for “forty four RCTs” and “44 randomised controlled trials” found no passage in our copy reporting that count or examining disease-specific outcomes across those trials. No page numbers were available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeventeen studies targeting diabetes reported mean changes in HbA1c, with seven reporting significant improvements in the intervention compared with usual care.
“Seventeen studies targeting diabetes reported mean changes in HbA1c, with seven reporting significant improvements in the intervention compared to usual care”
From Helping patients help themselves: A systematic review of self-management support strategies in primary health care practice (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Abstract (Methods) describes a planned trial in 18 practices, and Methods/design (Survey forms) says HbA1c will be recorded for patients with diabetes. Neither section reports findings across 17 studies or seven significant improvements over usual care. Searches for the study counts, significant improvements, and HbA1c found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPhysical, mental or social functioning were measured in 25 RCTs.
“Physical, mental or social functioning were measured in 25 RCTs”
From Helping patients help themselves: A systematic review of self-management support strategies in primary health care practice (2019) · cites this paper as [47]
The Methods/design > Survey forms section says the TrueBlue study planned to measure physical and mental health using the SF-36. Neither that section nor the passages retrieved by searching for “25 RCTs” and functioning report how many RCTs measured physical, mental, or social functioning. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910 · see citing works
Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness?
Eh, W. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 2,095 · see citing works
The epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management of psychosocial risk factors in cardiac practice
Rozanski, A., Blumenthal, J. A., Davidson, K. W., Saab, P. G., & Kubzansky, L. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.005 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
Cheater, F. (1997) · Clinical Effectiveness in Nursing · doi:10.1016/s1361-9004(97)80066-0 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
“Stress” and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors
Bunker, S. J., Colquhoun, D. M., Esler, M. D., Hickie, I. B., Hunt, D., Jelinek, V. M., Oldenburg, B. F., Peach, H. G., Ruth, D., Tennant, C. C., et al. (2003) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05193.x · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Bower, P., Gilbody, S., Richards, D., Fletcher, J., & Sutton, A. (2006) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.023655 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Long term outcomes from the IMPACT randomised trial for depressed elderly patients in primary care
Hunkeler, E. M., Katon, W. J., Tang, L., Williams, J. W., Kroenke, K., Lin, E. H. B., Harpole, L. H., Areán, P. A., Levine, S., Grypma, L., et al. (2006) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.38683.710255.be · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Begg, S. J., Vos, T., Barker, B., Stanley, L., & Lopez, A. D. (2008) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01503.x · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Wv, M. (1962) · PubMed · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Care of patients with chronic disease: the challenge for general practice
Harris, M., & Zwar, N. A. (2007) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01152.x · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Hickie, I. B., & McGorry, P. D. (2007) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01150.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The Answer to Diabetes Prevention: Science, Surgery, Service Delivery, or Social Policy?
Colagiuri, R., Colagiuri, S., Yach, D., & Pramming, S. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.067587 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
IJff, M. A., Huijbregts, K. M. L., van Marwijk, H., Beekman, A. T. F., Roijen, L. H., Rutten, F., Unützer, J., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D. (2007) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-34 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Young, D. Y. L., Furler, J., Vale, M. J., Walker, C. F., Segal, L., Dunning, P., Best, J. D., Blackberry, I., Audehm, R. G., Sulaiman, N. D., et al. (2007) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-8-20 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationProjection of health care expenditure by disease: a case study from Australia
Vos, T., Goss, J. R., Begg, S. J., & Mann, N. P. (2007) · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A nurse led model of chronic disease care - an interim report.
Eley, D. S., Mar, C. D., Patterson, E., Synnott, R. L., Baker, P. G., & Hegney, D. G. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Integration and coordination of care
Dunbar, J., & Reddy, P. (2009) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2008.01033.x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationProjected future trends of hospital service use for selected obesity-related conditions
Adams, R., Tucker, G. R. R., Hugo, G. J., Hill, C. L., & Wilson, D. H. (2008) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2008.03.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
a nurse led model of chronic disease care
Mar, B. (2008) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 20 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Collaborative care for depression and anxiety problems
Archer, J., Bower, P., Gilbody, S., Lovell, K., Richards, D., Gask, L., Dickens, C., & Coventry, P. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006525.pub2 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Dineen-Griffin, S., Garcia-Cardenas, V., Williams, K., & Benrimoj, S. I. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220116 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Baumeister, H., Hutter, N., & Bengel, J. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008381.pub2 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Tully, P. J., & Baumeister, H. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009128 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Halcomb, E., McInnes, S., Patterson, C., & Moxham, L. J. (2018) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmy101 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Namara, K. M., Breken, B. D., Alzubaidi, H., Bell, J. S., Dunbar, J., Walker, C. F., & Hernan, A. L. (2016) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afw200 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citationMorgan, M. A. J., Coates, M. J., Dunbar, J. A., Reddy, P., Schlicht, K., & Fuller, J. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002171 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Self-citationHuffman, J. C., Adams, C. N., & Celano, C. M. (2017) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2017.09.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Shiu, A. T., Lee, D., & Chau, J. P. C. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05868.x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Barley, E. A., Walters, P., Haddad, M., Phillips, R., Achilla, E., McCrone, P., Van Marwijk, H., Mann, A., & Tylee, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098704 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eley, D. S., Patterson, E., Young, J., Fahey, P. P., Mar, C. D., Hegney, D. G., Synnott, R. L., Mahomed, R., Baker, P. G., & Scuffham, P. (2012) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py11164 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Behavioural activation therapy for depression in adults with non-communicable diseases
Uphoff, E., Pires, M., Barbui, C., Barua, D., Churchill, R., Cristofalo, D., Ekers, D., Fottrell, E., Mazumdar, P., Purgato, M., et al. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013461.pub2 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Coventry, P. A., Lovell, K., Dickens, C. M., Bower, P., Chew-Graham, C. A., Cherrington, A., Garrett, C., Sidey-Gibbons, C. J., Baguley, C., Roughley, K., et al. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-139 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tylee, A. T., Ashworth, M. J., Barley, E. A., Brown, J. S. L., Chambers, J. B., FARMER, A. E., Fortune, Z., Haddad, M., Lawton, R., MANN, A. H., et al. (2011) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-12-38 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beaudin, J., Chouinard, M., Girard, A., Houle, J., Ellefsen, É., & Hudon, C. (2022) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-022-01000-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Bosselmann, L., Fangauf, S. V., Belnap, B. H., Chavanon, M., Nagel, J., Neitzel, C., Schertz, A., Hummers, E., Wachter, R., & Herrmann‐Lingen, C. (2019) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515119880062 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Using care plans to better manage multimorbidity
Morgan, M. A. J., Coates, M. L., & Dunbar, J. (2015) · Australasian Medical Journal · doi:10.4066/amj.2015.2377 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationKnowledge and Attitude of 851 Nursing Personnel toward Depression in General Hospitals of Korea
Park, S., Lee, H.-Y., Lee, D. W., Hahn, S., Park, S., Kim, Y.-J., Choi, J. S., Lee, H.-S., Lee, S. I., Na, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.953 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Depression and Its Associated Factors Among Rural Diabetic Residents
Lee, C., Chang, C., Pan, M.-Y., Hsu, T.-H., & Chen, M. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000143 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Guo, D., Wang, M., Hu, M., Zhu, D., Yu, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Ding, R., Zhao, M., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07561-0 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06307-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tylee, A. T., Barley, E. A., Walters, P., Achilla, E., Borschmann, R., Leese, M., McCrone, P., Palacios, J. E., Smith, A., Simmonds, R., et al. (2016) · Programme Grants for Applied Research · doi:10.3310/pgfar04080 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Guo, D., Xia, Y., Hu, M., Wang, M., Yu, Q., Li, Z., Zhang, X., Ding, R., Zhao, M., et al. (2024) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-1593 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Sylvia, M. L., Weiner, J. P., Nolan, M. T., Han, H., Brancati, F. L., & White, K. (2012) · Workplace Health & Safety · doi:10.1177/216507991206001004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Davidson, A. R., & Reidlinger, D. P. (2022) · Nutrition & Dietetics · doi:10.1111/1747-0080.12764 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Biddle, M., Adler, N. R., Heath, M., Streat, S., Wardrop, M., & Watson, J. P. (2014) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.12400 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
(2013) · International Monetary Fund eBooks · doi:10.5089/9781475573091.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Depression Care for Low-Income, Minority, Safety Net Clinic Populations With Comorbid Illness
Ell, K., Lee, P.-J., & Xie, B. (2010) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731510361962 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ng, S., Martin, S., Adams, R., O’Loughlin, P. D., & Wittert, G. (2020) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988320959993 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gray, J., Afzali, H. H. A., Beilby, J., Holton, C. H., Banham, D., & Karnon, J. D. (2014) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How can we better support families living with cardiovascular disease and depression?
Jones, M., Thompson, D. R., Ski, C. F., Clark, R. A., Gray, R. J., Vallury, K., & Alam, F. (2016) · The Journal of Mental Health Training Education and Practice · doi:10.1108/jmhtep-04-2015-0017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Afzali, H. H. A., Karnon, J. D., Gray, J., & Beilby, J. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diabetic Foot Talk-Time: framework for effective communication in diabetic foot management
Cacciatore, L., & Meloni, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2025.1590570 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361332
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361323
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361326
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361335
McKenzie, K. J., Fletcher, S. L., Pierce, D., & Gunn, J. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14361329
- Authors
- Morgan, M., Dunbar, J., Reddy, P., Coates, M., & Leahy, R.
- Corresponding author
- Coates, Michael
- Venue
- BMC Family Practice
- Published
- 2009-06-23
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 46-46
- ISSN
- 1471-2296 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2714499
- OpenAlex
- W2130677724
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Family Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Nursing Roles and Practices
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Keywords
- depression, practice nurses, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, chronic disease management, depression screening, comorbidities, quality of life, lifestyle risk factors, self-management
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Australia, Cooperative Behavior, Coronary Disease, Depressive Disorder, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Mental Health Services, Nurse Practitioners, Patient Care Team, Surveys and Questionnaires
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
