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Prevalence and distribution of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) types in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and in normal women in Andhra Pradesh, India
Open accessAbstract
Background: Despite the high incidence of cervical cancer reported from India, large scale population based studies on the HPV prevalence and genotype distribution are very few from this region. In view of the clinical trials for HPV vaccine taking place in India, it is of utmost importance to understand the prevalence of HPV genotypes in various geographical regions of India. We investigated the genotype distribution of high-risk HPV types in squamous cell carcinomas and the prevalence of high-risk HPV in cervicovaginal samples in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. Methods: HPV genotyping was done in cervical cancer specimens (n = 41) obtained from women attending a regional cancer hospital in Hyderabad. HPV-DNA testing was also done in cervicovaginal samples (n = 185) collected from women enrolled in the cervical cancer screening pilot study conducted in the rural community, of Medchal Mandal, twenty kilometers away from Hyderabad. Results: High-risk HPV types were found in 87.8% (n = 36/41) of the squamous cell carcinomas using a PCR-based line blot assay. Among the HPV positive cancers, the overall type distribution of the major high-risk HPV types was as follows: HPV 16 (66.7%), HPV 18 (19.4%), HPV 33 (5.6%), HPV 35 (5.6%), HPV 45 (5.6%), HPV 52 (2.8%), HPV 58(2.8%), HPV 59(2.8%) and HPV 73 (2.8%). Women participating in the community screening programme provided both a self-collected vaginal swab and a clinician-collected cervical swab for HPV DNA testing. Primary screening for high risk HPV was performed using the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) assay. All hc2 positive samples by any one method of collection were further analyzed using the Roche PCR-based line blot for genotype determination. The prevalence of high risk HPV infection in this community-based screening population was 10.3% (19/185) using the clinician-collected and 7.0% (13/185) using the self-collected samples. The overall agreement between self-collected and clinician-collected samples was 92%; however among HPV-positive specimens, the HPV agreement was only moderate (39.1%). The most frequently detected HPV types in the Medchal community are HPV 52 and 16. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HPV type distribution in both cervical cancer tissues and in a general screening population from Andhra Pradesh is similar to that reported in India and other parts of the world. We also conclude that an effective vaccine targeting HPV 16 will reduce the cervical cancer burden in AP.
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“Data on the prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in the cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation [5–9, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“As compared to other studies, the overall prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 in cancer cases (82.3%) is much higher in the present work [7, 8, 16].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Compared to other studies in India, the present study disclosed a high prevalence of HPV infection among the women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint [5, 6, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Sample size: Assuming HPV prevalence among the women to be 7%–10% based on the published reports, 19 , 20 and concordance rate of 80%, at 95% confidence interval (CI) and power of 80%, between samples collected by HCW and self‐collected samples, around 1600 women were needed to undergo HPV testing by both the methods.”
From Acceptability and validity of HPV self‐sampling for cervical cancer screening among women living in different ecological settings in India (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Reports from south India showed HPV 16 and HPV18 accounts for 58–69% and 5–19.4% of ICC cases respectively [16, 18].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“The most prevalent genotype in cervical cancer was HPV 16 followed by18 is in accordance with international and local data [7, 8, 16].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Analysis of genotypes distribution in ICC cases showed that HPV 16(83.78%) and 18(21.08%) were the most predominant genotypes which is quite similar to the studies reported from India and worldwide.”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sowjanya, A. P., Jain, M., Poli, U. R., Padma, S., Das, M., Shah, K. V., Rao, B., Devi, R. R., Gravitt, P. E., & Ramakrishna, G.
- Affiliations
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (IN)
- MaxCure Hospitals (IN)
- MNJ Institute Of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre (IN)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramakrishna, Gayatri
- Venue
- BMC Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 116-116
- ISSN
- 1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1345691
- OpenAlex
- W2166051067
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- high-risk HPV, HPV genotype distribution, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, HPV prevalence, HPV16, HPV 18, self-collected vaginal swabs, HPV testing, cervical cancer screening, Andhra Pradesh, rural women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Female, Genotype, Humans, India, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Papillomaviridae
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