CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 155Cervical Cancer and HPV ResearchReproductive tract infections researchHead and Neck Cancer Studies

Prevalence and distribution of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) types in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and in normal women in Andhra Pradesh, India

Open access
Sowjanya, A Pavani, Jain, Meenkashi, Poli, Usha Rani, Padma, S, Das, Manik, Shah, Keerti V, Rao, BN, Devi, Radha Rama +2 more·2005·BMC Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1186/1471-2334-5-116PMC PMC1345691
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Despite the high incidence of cervical cancer reported from India, large scale population based studies on the HPV prevalence and genotype distribution are very few from this region. In view of the clinical trials for HPV vaccine taking place in India, it is of utmost importance to understand the prevalence of HPV genotypes in various geographical regions of India. We investigated the genotype distribution of high-risk HPV types in squamous cell carcinomas and the prevalence of high-risk HPV in cervicovaginal samples in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. Methods: HPV genotyping was done in cervical cancer specimens (n = 41) obtained from women attending a regional cancer hospital in Hyderabad. HPV-DNA testing was also done in cervicovaginal samples (n = 185) collected from women enrolled in the cervical cancer screening pilot study conducted in the rural community, of Medchal Mandal, twenty kilometers away from Hyderabad. Results: High-risk HPV types were found in 87.8% (n = 36/41) of the squamous cell carcinomas using a PCR-based line blot assay. Among the HPV positive cancers, the overall type distribution of the major high-risk HPV types was as follows: HPV 16 (66.7%), HPV 18 (19.4%), HPV 33 (5.6%), HPV 35 (5.6%), HPV 45 (5.6%), HPV 52 (2.8%), HPV 58(2.8%), HPV 59(2.8%) and HPV 73 (2.8%). Women participating in the community screening programme provided both a self-collected vaginal swab and a clinician-collected cervical swab for HPV DNA testing. Primary screening for high risk HPV was performed using the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) assay. All hc2 positive samples by any one method of collection were further analyzed using the Roche PCR-based line blot for genotype determination. The prevalence of high risk HPV infection in this community-based screening population was 10.3% (19/185) using the clinician-collected and 7.0% (13/185) using the self-collected samples. The overall agreement between self-collected and clinician-collected samples was 92%; however among HPV-positive specimens, the HPV agreement was only moderate (39.1%). The most frequently detected HPV types in the Medchal community are HPV 52 and 16. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HPV type distribution in both cervical cancer tissues and in a general screening population from Andhra Pradesh is similar to that reported in India and other parts of the world. We also conclude that an effective vaccine targeting HPV 16 will reduce the cervical cancer burden in AP.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2334-5-116

Cites

29 of 29 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Data on prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation.

    “Data on the prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in the cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation [5–9, 15–17].”

    From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Discussion (page unavailable) says the HPV-type distribution in Andhra Pradesh cervical cancers was quite similar to a large-scale Indian study, rather than showing great regional variation. It also says more genotyping in North, West, and Northeast India is needed; the Results report cancer-case genotypes only for Andhra Pradesh. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The overall prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 in cancer cases is much higher in the present work than in other studies.

    “As compared to other studies, the overall prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 in cancer cases (82.3%) is much higher in the present work [7, 8, 16].”

    From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Results section’s Table 1 provides a lower comparator: 30 of 41 cancer specimens (about 73%) had HPV 16 and/or 18, counting the specimen with both types once. The source does not assess the citing study’s 82.3% figure or establish that it is ‘much higher’; its Discussion instead describes its own HPV-type distribution as similar to other studies. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The prevalence of HPV infection among women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint is high compared to other studies in India.

    “Compared to other studies in India, the present study disclosed a high prevalence of HPV infection among the women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint [5, 6, 15–17].”

    From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]

    The Results (community samples) report 10.3% high-risk HPV positivity among women with predominantly normal cervical cytology, providing an Indian prevalence estimate for comparison. The Discussion says this estimate was very similar to estimates from other Indian studies, though some were lower. This source does not establish that the citing authors’ own study had a higher prevalence, and its Methods describe community recruitment rather than selection for minor gynecological complaints. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Assuming HPV prevalence among the women to be 7%-10% and concordance rate of 80%, at 95% confidence interval and power of 80%, around 1600 women were needed to undergo HPV testing by both methods.

    “Sample size: Assuming HPV prevalence among the women to be 7%–10% based on the published reports, 19 , 20 and concordance rate of 80%, at 95% confidence interval (CI) and power of 80%, between samples collected by HCW and self‐collected samples, around 1600 women were needed to undergo HPV testing by both the methods.”

    From Acceptability and validity of <scp>HPV</scp> self‐sampling for cervical cancer screening among women living in different ecological settings in <scp>India</scp> (2025) · cites this paper as [20]

  • Reports from south India showed HPV 16 and HPV18 account for 58-69% and 5-19.4% of ICC cases respectively.

    “Reports from south India showed HPV 16 and HPV18 accounts for 58–69% and 5–19.4% of ICC cases respectively [16, 18].”

    From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 30 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Ausubel et al Preparation and ananlysis of DNA Short protocols in molecular biology 1995 3 New York: Wiley

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Sowjanya, A. P., Jain, M., Poli, U. R., Padma, S., Das, M., Shah, K. V., Rao, B., Devi, R. R., Gravitt, P. E., & Ramakrishna, G.
Affiliations
  • Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (IN)
  • MaxCure Hospitals (IN)
  • MNJ Institute Of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre (IN)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
Corresponding author
Ramakrishna, Gayatri
ORCID
Venue
BMC Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2005-12
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
116-116
ISSN
1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2334-5-116
PMC
PMC1345691
OpenAlex
W2166051067
Cited by
155
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI
5.04
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
Keywords
high-risk HPV, HPV genotype distribution, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, HPV prevalence, HPV16, HPV 18, self-collected vaginal swabs, HPV testing, cervical cancer screening, Andhra Pradesh, rural women
MeSH terms
Adult, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Female, Genotype, Humans, India, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Papillomaviridae

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review