The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and distribution of high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) types in invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and in normal women in Andhra Pradesh, India
Open accessAbstract
Background: Despite the high incidence of cervical cancer reported from India, large scale population based studies on the HPV prevalence and genotype distribution are very few from this region. In view of the clinical trials for HPV vaccine taking place in India, it is of utmost importance to understand the prevalence of HPV genotypes in various geographical regions of India. We investigated the genotype distribution of high-risk HPV types in squamous cell carcinomas and the prevalence of high-risk HPV in cervicovaginal samples in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh (AP), India. Methods: HPV genotyping was done in cervical cancer specimens (n = 41) obtained from women attending a regional cancer hospital in Hyderabad. HPV-DNA testing was also done in cervicovaginal samples (n = 185) collected from women enrolled in the cervical cancer screening pilot study conducted in the rural community, of Medchal Mandal, twenty kilometers away from Hyderabad. Results: High-risk HPV types were found in 87.8% (n = 36/41) of the squamous cell carcinomas using a PCR-based line blot assay. Among the HPV positive cancers, the overall type distribution of the major high-risk HPV types was as follows: HPV 16 (66.7%), HPV 18 (19.4%), HPV 33 (5.6%), HPV 35 (5.6%), HPV 45 (5.6%), HPV 52 (2.8%), HPV 58(2.8%), HPV 59(2.8%) and HPV 73 (2.8%). Women participating in the community screening programme provided both a self-collected vaginal swab and a clinician-collected cervical swab for HPV DNA testing. Primary screening for high risk HPV was performed using the Digene Hybrid Capture 2 (hc2) assay. All hc2 positive samples by any one method of collection were further analyzed using the Roche PCR-based line blot for genotype determination. The prevalence of high risk HPV infection in this community-based screening population was 10.3% (19/185) using the clinician-collected and 7.0% (13/185) using the self-collected samples. The overall agreement between self-collected and clinician-collected samples was 92%; however among HPV-positive specimens, the HPV agreement was only moderate (39.1%). The most frequently detected HPV types in the Medchal community are HPV 52 and 16. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the HPV type distribution in both cervical cancer tissues and in a general screening population from Andhra Pradesh is similar to that reported in India and other parts of the world. We also conclude that an effective vaccine targeting HPV 16 will reduce the cervical cancer burden in AP.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Data on the prevalence and distribution of three most prominent genotypes in the cancer cases from different geographical regions of India shows a great regional variation [5–9, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As compared to other studies, the overall prevalence of HPV 16 and 18 in cancer cases (82.3%) is much higher in the present work [7, 8, 16].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Compared to other studies in India, the present study disclosed a high prevalence of HPV infection among the women with normal cytology showing minor gynecological complaint [5, 6, 15–17].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sample size: Assuming HPV prevalence among the women to be 7%–10% based on the published reports, 19 , 20 and concordance rate of 80%, at 95% confidence interval (CI) and power of 80%, between samples collected by HCW and self‐collected samples, around 1600 women were needed to undergo HPV testing by both the methods.”
From Acceptability and validity of HPV self‐sampling for cervical cancer screening among women living in different ecological settings in India (2025) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Reports from south India showed HPV 16 and HPV18 accounts for 58–69% and 5–19.4% of ICC cases respectively [16, 18].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The most prevalent genotype in cervical cancer was HPV 16 followed by18 is in accordance with international and local data [7, 8, 16].”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Analysis of genotypes distribution in ICC cases showed that HPV 16(83.78%) and 18(21.08%) were the most predominant genotypes which is quite similar to the studies reported from India and worldwide.”
From HPV Genotypes distribution in Indian women with and without cervical carcinoma: Implication for HPV vaccination program in Odisha, Eastern India (2017) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Epidemiologic classification of human papillomavirus types associated with cervical cancer
Muñoz, N., Bosch, F. X., de Sanjosé, S., Herrero, R., Castellsagué, X., Shah, K. V., Snijders, P. J. F., & Meijer, C. J. L. M. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa021641 · Cited by 6,249
Self-citationPrevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Cervical Cancer: a Worldwide Perspective
Bosch, F. X., Manos, M. M., Munoz, N., Sherman, M. E., Jansen, A. M., Peto, J., SCHIFFMAN, M. H., Moreno, V. R., Kurman, R. J., Shan, K. V., et al. (1995) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/87.11.796 · Cited by 3,339
A Controlled Trial of a Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Vaccine
Koutsky, L. A., Ault, K. A., Wheeler, C. M., Brown, D. R., Barr, E., Alvarez, F. B., Chiacchierini, L. M., & Jansen, K. U. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa020586 · Cited by 1,719
Harper, D. M., Franco, E. L., Wheeler, C. M., Ferris, D. G., Jenkins, D., Schuind, A., Zahaf, T., Innis, B. L., Naud, P., de Carvalho, N. S., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17398-4 · Cited by 1,639
Human papillomavirus types in invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a meta-analysis
Clifford, G. M., Smith, J. S., Plummer, M., Muñóz, N., & Franceschi, S. (2003) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6600688 · Cited by 1,562
Improved Amplification of Genital Human Papillomaviruses
Gravitt, P. E., Peyton, C. L., Alessi, T. Q., Wheeler, C. M., Coutlée, F., Hildesheim, A., Schiffman, M. H., Scott, D. R., & Apple, R. J. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.38.1.357-361.2000 · Cited by 1,137
Self-citationMuñóz, N., Bosch, F. X., Castellsagué, X., Díaz, M., de Sanjosé, S., Hammouda, D., Shah, K. V., & Meijer, C. J. L. M. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20244 · Cited by 1,095
Self-citation(1984) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1984.2.1.1 · Cited by 688
Gravitt, P. E., Peyton, C. L., Apple, R. J., & Wheeler, C. M. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.36.10.3020-3027.1998 · Cited by 635
Self-citationHuman papillomavirus and cancer: the epidemiological evidence
Muñóz, N. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Virology · doi:10.1016/s1386-6532(00)00125-6 · Cited by 576
Chapter 2: Natural History of Anogenital Human Papillomavirus Infection and Neoplasia
SCHIFFMAN, M. H., & Kjær, S. K. (2003) · JNCI Monographs · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jncimonographs.a003476 · Cited by 513
Harper, D. M., Franco, E. L., Wheeler, C. M., Ferris, D. G., Jenkins, D., Schuind, A., Zahaf, T., Innis, B. L., Naud, P., Decarvalho, N. S., et al. (2005) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000154423.27940.68 · Cited by 247
Efficacy and other milestones for human papillomavirus vaccine introduction
Pagliusi, S. R., & Aguado, M. T. (2004) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.046 · Cited by 215
FAILURE OF TETRACHLORODECAOXYGEN ANION COMPLEX TO ASSIST WOUND HEALING
Hughes, L. E., Marks, J., & Harding, K. G. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91871-0 · Cited by 208
Sankaranarayanan, R., Nene, B. M., Dinshaw, K. A., Mahe, C., Jayant, K., Shastri, S. S., Malvi, S. G., Chinoy, R., Kelkar, R., Budukh, A. M., et al. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21050 · Cited by 206 · cited 2×
“Sankarnarayanan, et al. reported 10.3% high risk HPV prevalence as detected using hc2 testing in Osmanabad District in West India [15], and somewhat lower prevalence estimates by hc2 in a separate multicentric study in Mumbai (6.3%), Trivandrum (4.8%), and two cities in Kolkatta (7.8 and 5.2%, respectively) [25].”
InfluentialChopra, R. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 181
Papillomavirus infection in rural women in southern India
Franceschi, S., Rajkumar, R., Snijders, P. J. F., Arslan, A., Mahé, C., Plummer, M., Sankaranarayanan, R., Cherian, J., Meijer, C. J. L. M., & Weiderpass, E. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602348 · Cited by 163
Human papillomavirus and risk factors for cervical cancer in Chennai, India: A case‐control study
Franceschi, S., Rajkumar, T., Vaccarella, S., Gajalakshmi, V., Sharmila, A., Snijders, P. J. F., Muñóz, N., Meijer, C. J. L. M., & Herrero, R. (2003) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.11350 · Cited by 162
Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix: global and national perspective.
Shanta, V., Krishnamurthi, S., Gajalakshmi, C. K., Swaminathan, R., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 141
Human papillomavirus in a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide
(1999) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199909)189:1 · Cited by 140
Self-citationSankaranarayanan, R., Chatterji, R., Shastri, S. S., Wesley, R. S., Basu, P., Mahe, C., Muwonge, R., Seigneurin, D., Somanathan, T., Roy, C., et al. (2004) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.20396 · Cited by 127
Improving cancer care in India: prospects and challenges.
Pal, S. K., & Mittal, B. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 73
Legood, R., Gray, A. M., Mahé, C., Wolstenholme, J., Jayant, K., Nene, B. M., Shastri, S. S., Malvi, S. G., Muwonge, R., Budukh, A. M., et al. (2005) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.21220 · Cited by 71
Leads to cancer control based on cancer patterns in a rural population in South India
Rajkumar, R., Sankaranarayanan, R., Esmi, A., Jayaraman, R., Cherian, J., & Parkin, D. M. (2000) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008900425151 · Cited by 40
Gynaecological malignancies in a rural institute in India
Chhabra, S., Sonak, M. M., Prem, V., & Sharma, S. (2002) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1080/01443610220141434 · Cited by 34
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND CERVICAL CANCER IN INDIAN WOMEN
Das, B. C., Murthy, N. S., Sharma, J. K., Singh, V., Sehgal, A., Gopalkrishna, V., Das, D. K., & Luthra, U. K. (1989) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(89)91870-9 · Cited by 30
Human papillomavirus testing in cervical cancer screening
Franceschi, S., & Mahé, C. (2005) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6602580 · Cited by 29
HPV vaccine trial may take place in India
Sharma, D. C. (2002) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(02)00916-6 · Cited by 6
Prevention of carcinoma of cervix with human papillomavirus vaccine.
Gavarasana, S., Kalasapudi, R. S., Rao, T. D., & Thirumala, S. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Preparation and ananlysis of DNA. Short protocols in molecular biology. Edited by: Ausubel et al. 1995, New York: Wiley, 3
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Epidemiology of cervical cancer with special focus on India
Aswathy, S., Reshma, J., & Dinesh, A. (2015) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s50001 · Cited by 262
Human papillomavirus type distribution in women from Asia: a meta-analysis
Bao, Y., Li, N., Smith, J. S., Qiao, Y., & members, A. (2007) · International Journal of Gynecological Cancer · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1438.2007.00959.x · Cited by 213
Rashid, S., Labani, S., & Das, B. C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166713 · Cited by 157
Infection of human papillomaviruses in cancers of different human organ sites.
Shukla, S., Bharti, A. C., Mahata, S., Hussain, S., Kumar, R., Hedau, S. T., & Das, B. C. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 126
Bhatla, N., Lal, N., Bao, Y., Ng, T. Y., & Qiao, Y. (2008) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.03.047 · Cited by 116
Metadata
- Authors
- Sowjanya, A. P., Jain, M., Poli, U. R., Padma, S., Das, M., Shah, K. V., Rao, B., Devi, R. R., Gravitt, P. E., & Ramakrishna, G.
- Affiliations
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (IN)
- MaxCure Hospitals (IN)
- MNJ Institute Of Oncology and Regional Cancer Centre (IN)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramakrishna, Gayatri
- Venue
- BMC Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 116-116
- ISSN
- 1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1345691
- OpenAlex
- W2166051067
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Cervical Cancer and HPV Research
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Reproductive tract infections research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Otorhinolaryngology › Head and Neck Cancer Studies
- Keywords
- high-risk HPV, HPV genotype distribution, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, HPV prevalence, HPV16, HPV 18, self-collected vaginal swabs, HPV testing, cervical cancer screening, Andhra Pradesh, rural women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms, Female, Genotype, Humans, India, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Papillomaviridae
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
