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A randomized controlled pilot study of a brief web-based mindfulness training
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mindfulness has been shown to be effective in treating various medical and mental problems. Especially its incorporation in cognitive-behavioural interventions has improved long-term outcomes of those treatments. It has also been shown, that brief mindfulness-based trainings are effective in reducing distress. There have been few web-based interventions incorporating mindfulness techniques in their manual and it remains unclear whether a brief web-based mindfulness intervention is feasible. METHODS: Out of 50 adults (different distress levels; exclusion criteria: <18 years, indication of psychotic or suicidal ideation in screening) who were recruited via e-mail and screened online, 49 were randomized into an immediate 2-weeks-treatment group (N=28) or a waitlist-control group (N=21), starting with a 2-week delay. Distress (BSI), perceived stress (PSQ), mindfulness (FMI), as well as mood and emotion regulation (PANAS/SEK-27) were measured at pre-, post- and 3-month follow-up (3MFU). Intention-to-treat analyses using MI for missing data and per-protocol analyses (≥50% attendance) were performed. RESULTS: 26 participants of the treatment group completed post-measures. Most measures under ITT-analysis revealed no significant improvement for the treatment group, but trends with medium effect sizes for PSQ (d=0.46) and PANASneg (d=0.50) and a small, non-significant effect for FMI (d=0.29). Per-protocol analyses for persons who participated over 50% of the time revealed significant treatment effects for PSQ (d=0.72) and PANASneg (d=0.77). Comparing higher distressed participants with lower distressed participants, highly distressed participants seemed to profit more of the training in terms of distress reduction (GSI, d=0.85). Real change (RCI) occurred for PSQ in the treatment condition (OR=9). Results also suggest that participants continued to benefit from the training at 3MFU. CONCLUSION: This study of a brief web-based mindfulness training indicates that mindfulness can be taught online and may improve distress, perceived stress and negative affect for regular users. Although there were no significant improvements, but trends, for most measures under ITT, feasibility of such a program was demonstrated and also that persons continued to use techniques of the training in daily life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS): DRKS00003209.
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“For PANAS score, previous trials indicate that mindfulness intervention might improve positive affect (Bossi et al. 2022) and negative affect (Glück & Maercker 2011).”
From Changes in Mental Health and EEG Biomarkers of Undergraduates Under Different Patterns of Mindfulness (2024) · cites this paper as Glück & Maercker 2011
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“While emerging evidence supports the feasibility of online self-help mindfulness training in non-clinical populations (Glück and Maercker, 2011; Krusche et al., 2012), there is a severe lack of research to support such interventions for those with clinical levels of depression and anxiety.”
From Online mindfulness-enhanced cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depression: Outcomes of a pilot trial (2018) · cites this paper as Glück and Maercker, 2011
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“These correlations have also been reported in other studies [29,52-54].”
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Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
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Spijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 · Cited by 975
“The total sample size ranged from 49 in a pilot study (Glück & Maercker, 2011) to 551 in a largescale trial (Morledge et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAlbertson, E. R., Neff, K. D., & Shackleford, K. E. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0277-3 · Cited by 618
A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological interventions to improve mental wellbeing
van Agteren, J., Iasiello, M., Lo, L., Bartholomaeus, J., Kopsaftis, Z., Carey, M., & Kyrios, M. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01093-w · Cited by 510
Mindfulness on-the-go: Effects of a mindfulness meditation app on work stress and well-being
Bostock, S., Crosswell, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Steptoe, A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/ocp0000118 · Cited by 465
Heber, E., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Cuijpers, P., Berking, M., Nobis, S., & Riper, H. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5774 · Cited by 408
Metadata
- Authors
- Glück, T. M., & Maercker, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Glück, Tobias M
- ORCID
- Glück, Tobias M
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-11-08
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 175-175
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3250944
- OpenAlex
- W1991358662
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 7.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Phaidra (Universität Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Universität Wien
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- mindfulness training, online intervention, brief intervention, psychological distress, perceived stress, negative affect, emotion regulation, feasibility, online therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Behavior Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psychotherapy, Brief, Stress, Psychological, Treatment Outcome, Internet
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