The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on child’s mental development from two peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi-experimental study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Postpartum anxiety and depression has detrimental effects on the overall mental development of children. This study aims to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's mental development on all sub-scales in a Pakistani population. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two peri-urban communities of Karachi, a mega city of Pakistan, to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's growth and mental development. A total of 420 women were enrolled, who had given consent out of 651 pregnant women identified, during February 2004 to December 2005. Data for socio-demographic, home environment and family relationship variables were collected between 36 weeks of pregnancy and within 10 days of childbirth. Mother's levels of anxiety and depression were assessed at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of childbirth. An indigenous, validated screening instrument- Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression scale was used and diagnostic confirmation was done through a psychologist's interview, based on DSM IV criteria. Children's growth and development was monitored in the same sequence using an Early Childhood Development tool that consists of five subscales; socio emotional, language, cognitive, gross motor and fine motor development. Physical growth was monitored by measuring height and weight of the child. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.2. Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) logistic regression was conducted to identify association of postpartum anxiety and depression with each early childhood development indicator, adjusting for parental and child factors. RESULTS: A significant association of postpartum anxiety and depression with delayed development on all five subscales of children's mental development was found in our study. Interestingly, our study found that higher maternal age had adverse effects on child's emotional whereas positive impact on child's cognitive development. Children's stunting had an adverse impact on all five subscales of children's development. Male children were at higher risk for delayed language and gross motor development relative to female children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that postpartum anxiety and depression is associated with adverse outcomes regarding children's mental development on all sub-scales. The impact was accentuated by low family income or child's increasing age.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The third study,94 conducted in Pakistan, showed that a child’s language development was affected by maternal PPD only when the father’s income was high.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, many studies indicated significant and negative associations between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant cognitive development,94,95,99,101,102,107,141,147 language development,94,102,105,116,117,131,132,139 infant behaviors,49,52,110,114,120,121,131,133 overall infant health concerns,48,104,119,122–124,135,136,138 and quality of sleep.104,108”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the impact of maternal PPD on infant motor development seemed to be controversial: some studies94,95,97 demonstrated a clear effect of PPD on children’s gross and fine motor development, while other studies66,103,107 did not demonstrate this effect.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the impact of maternal depression on delayed cognitive development of the child was approximately three-fold at the 6-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 9.9)”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and approximately seven-fold at the 12-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 3.0, 15.7).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Children of depressed mothers whose husband’s income was <3500 rupees/month had more than a five-fold risk of delayed language development relative to children whose mothers were not depressed and whose father’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month (adjusted OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.3, 12.4).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“At the 2-month follow-up, maternal depression showed no significant impact on children’s cognitive development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There was a significant interaction between a mother’s depression and her husband’s income.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among women whose husband’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month, there was no significant impact of maternal depression on children’s language development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When other variables were adjusted in the model, maternal depression placed children at an approximately six-fold risk of delayed emotional development (adjusted OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 3.0, 11.9).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the prevalence of PPD varied among these studies, from 2.7% in a population of Pakistani mothers at 18 months postpartum94 to 68.8% in a population of Australian mothers at 4 months postpartum.64”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302
Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60032-4 · Cited by 3,630
Akaike's Information Criterion in Generalized Estimating Equations
Pan, W. (2001) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00120.x · Cited by 2,545
Handbook of infant development
Osofsky, J. D. (1979) · Cited by 2,263
The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development
Murray, L. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x · Cited by 1,089
Handbook of Infant Development.
Lilleskov, R. K. (1983) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518303100327 · Cited by 1,053
Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 · Cited by 923
Maternal Correlates of Growth in Toddler Vocabulary Production in Low-Income Families
Pan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Singer, J. D., & Snow, C. E. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00498-i1 · Cited by 784
Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms
Halbreich, U., & Karkun, S. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 · Cited by 776
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Kalyani GHS, Saeed K, Rehman IU, Mubbashir MH: Incidence of depressive illness in Pakistani women during postnatal period. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2001, 11 (4): 246-248.
- M.Quraishy A, Sultana K, Riaz Z: Postpartum depression: liaquat national hospital experience. Medical Channel. 2005, 11 (1): 30-32.
- Hamirani MM, Sultana A, Ibrahim Z, Sultana S, Humera : Post natal depression at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hosp Karachi Med Dent Coll. 2004, 9 (1): 517-520.
- Ali BS: Validation of an indigenous screening questionnaire for anxiety and depression in an urban squatter settlement of Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 1998, 8: 207-211.
- Care for development Appraisal tool for Assessing and Monitoring Child Development-First Three Years: http://www.arnec.net/ntuc/slot/u2323/conference/presentations/Ghazala%20-%20Sanober%20ARNEC%20workshop%20-%20FINAL.pdf , Manual-ISBN: 978-969-8073-20-3,
- Khan SK, Ali BS, Zaman RM: Counseling skills for community women: A training guide. 2003, Aga Khan University, [unpublished work], 969-8073-03-X 2004
- Gul A, Ali BS: The onset and benefit from counseling by minimally trained counselors on anxiety and depression in women. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004, 54 (11): 549-552.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Women's Health · doi:10.1177/1745506519844044 · Cited by 1,496
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30284-x · Cited by 1,155
Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001 · Cited by 1,055
Poverty and disability in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Banks, L. M., Kuper, H., & Polack, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189996 · Cited by 613
Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review
Field, T. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.02.005 · Cited by 333
Nakić Radoš, S. (2018) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.01.05 · Cited by 222
Postpartum stress and infant outcome: A review of current literature
Oyetunji, A. O., & Chandra, P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112769 · Cited by 235
Maternal mental health: The missing “m” in the global maternal and child health agenda
Atif, N., Lovell, K., & Rahman, A. (2015) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.06.007 · Cited by 207
The Impact of Perinatal Depression on Children’s Social-Emotional Development: A Longitudinal Study
Junge, C., Garthus‐Niegel, S., Slinning, K., Polte, C., Simonsen, T. B., & Eberhard‐Gran, M. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2146-2 · Cited by 143
Atif, N., Lovell, K., Husain, N., Sikander, S., Patel, V., & Rahman, A. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0055-9 · Cited by 96
“higher rates of diarrhoea per year [9], growth retardation [10] and delayed cognitive and motor development [11].”
BackgroundWei, Q., Zhang, J., Scherpbier, R. W., Zhao, C., Luo, S. S., Wang, X., & Guo, S. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.036 · Cited by 96
Jiang, N. M., Tofail, F., Moonah, S., Scharf, R. J., Taniuchi, M., Ma, J.-N. Z., Hamadani, J., Gurley, E., Houpt, E., Azziz-Baumgartner, E., et al. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-50 · Cited by 80
Does maternal postpartum depression affect children's developmental outcomes?
Aoyagi, S., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2019) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14064 · Cited by 91
Deng, A., Xiong, R., Jiang, T., Luo, Y.-P., & Chen, W.-Z. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60030-4 · Cited by 83
Burger, M., Hoosain, M., Einspieler, C., Unger, M., & Niehaus, D. J. H. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.023 · Cited by 78
Chang, S., Chen, K.-H., Ho, H., Lai, Y., Lin, M.-I. B., Lee, C., & Lin, W. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.019 · Cited by 66
Skin‐to‐skin contact to improve premature mothers' anxiety and stress state: A meta‐analysis
Cong, S., Wang, R., Fan, X., Song, X., Sha, L., Zhu, Z., Zhou, H. J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, A. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13245 · Cited by 69
Returning to work after maternity leave: a systematic literature review
Franzoi, I. G., Sauta, M. D., Luca, A. D., & Granieri, A. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01464-y · Cited by 63
Severo, M., Ventriglio, A., Bellomo, A., Iuso, S., & Petito, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151897 · Cited by 63
Postpartum Anxiety Prevalence, Predictors and Effects on Child Development: A Review
Field, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0010 · Cited by 58
Sinha, B., Sommerfelt, H., Ashorn, P., Mazumder, S., Taneja, S., More, D., Bahl, R., & Bhandari, N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6040 · Cited by 55
Furtado, M., Van Lieshout, R. J., Van Ameringen, M., Green, S. M., & Frey, B. N. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.064 · Cited by 50
Bluett‐Duncan, M., Kishore, M. T., Patil, D. M., Satyanarayana, V. A., & Sharp, H. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253790 · Cited by 54
Surkan, P. J., Malik, A., Perin, J., Atif, N., Rowther, A. A., Zaidi, A., & Rahman, A. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02809-x · Cited by 50
Malaria impact on cognitive function of children in a peri-urban community in the Brazilian Amazon
Andrade, R. T., de Castro, D. B., de Melo, G. C., Balogun, S., James, M. A., Pessoa, R. C., de Almeida, A. C. G., Costa, M. R. F., Pinto, R. C., de Albuquerque, B. C., et al. (2019) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2802-2 · Cited by 43
Lauš, K. N. (2017) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2017.56.04.05 · Cited by 42
Relationships between perineal pain and postpartum depressive symptoms: A prospective cohort study
Chang, S., Chen, K., Lee, C., Shyu, M., Lin, M.-I., & Lin, W. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.02.012 · Cited by 42
Maternal psychologic problems increased the risk of childhood atopic dermatitis
Wang, I.-J., Wen, H., Chiang, T., Lin, S. J., & Guo, Y. L. (2015) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12518 · Cited by 36
Mothering and anxiety: Social support and competence as mitigating factors for first-time mothers
Chavis, L. H. (2016) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2016.1170749 · Cited by 36
Mirhosseini, H., Moosavipoor, S. A., Nazari, M. A., Dehghan, A., Mirhosseini, S., Bidaki, R., & Anari, P. Y. (2015) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/1673 · Cited by 38
Jagoe, C., McDonald, C., Velarde, M. R., & Groce, N. E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258575 · Cited by 31
Faisal‐Cury, A., Tabb, K. M., Ziebold, C., & Matijasevich, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100125 · Cited by 37
Nahar, B., Hossain, I., Hamadani, J. D., Ahmed, T., Grantham‐McGregor, S., & Persson, L. Å. (2014) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12176 · Cited by 30
Das, A., Gordon-Ocejo, G., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., & Needlman, R. D. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1647162 · Cited by 33
Wassif, O. M., Abdo, A. S., Elawady, M. A., Elmaksoud, A. A. A., & Eldesouky, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2019/3691752 · Cited by 28
Psychiatric support for mothers in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Penny, K., Friedman, S. H., & Halstead, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2014.221 · Cited by 25
Depresión materna postnatal y su repercusión en el neurodesarrollo infantil: estudio de cohorte
González, G., Moraes, M., Sosa, C., Umpiérrez, E., Duarte, M., Cal, J. B., & Ghione, A. (2017) · Revista chilena de pediatría · doi:10.4067/s0370-41062017000300008 · Cited by 27
Are “Superwomen” without social support at risk for postpartum depression and anxiety?
Arnold, M. S., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2020) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1844360 · Cited by 28
Factors associated with post‐natal anxiety among primiparous mothers in N epal
Shrestha, S., Adachi, K., Petrini, M. A., & Shrestha, S. (2014) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12118 · Cited by 23
Low, S. R., Bono, S. A., & Azmi, Z. (2023) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12528 · Cited by 22
Perinatal depression trajectories and child development at one year: a study in China
Zhu, Y., Li, X., Chen, J., & Gong, W. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06330-4 · Cited by 22
Economic costs of perinatal depression and anxiety in a lower middle income country: Pakistan
Bauer, A., Knapp, M. R. J., Alvi, M. H., Chaudhry, N., Grégoire, A., Malik, A., Sikander, S., Tayyaba, K., Waqas, A., & Husain, N. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.061 · Cited by 21
The impact of postpartum depression on infant development in the first year of life
Alfayumi‐Zeadna, S., Masarwe, S., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & O’Rourke, N. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119558 · Cited by 21
Gebrekristos, L. T., Groves, A. K., Reyes, H. L. M., Moodley, D., Beksinska, M. E., & Maman, S. (2023) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01605-z · Cited by 22
Song, C., Li, W., Leng, J., Wang, L., Li, W., Shi, F., Liu, G., Zhou, J., & Yang, X. (2018) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2018.1478365 · Cited by 23
Postnatal Depression Beyond 12 Months: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Hellyer, E., Nash, K., Jones, E., Sitch, A. J., Janković, J., Berrisford, G. S., Casey, A., & MacArthur, C. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70018 · Cited by 20
Ketamine as Potential Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review
Chen-Li, D. C. J., Lui, L. M. W., Rosenblat, J. D., Lipsitz, O., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R., Vinberg, M., Golts, M., Jawad, M. Y., Lee, Y. L., et al. (2022) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0082 · Cited by 20
Chamgurdani, F. K., Barkin, J. L., Curry, C. L., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103350 · Cited by 18
Orri, M., Besharati, S. N., Ahun, M. N., & Richter, L. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21667 · Cited by 19
Sridhar, H., Kishore, M. T., & Chandra, P. S. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01485-7 · Cited by 19
Song, C., Leng, J., Wang, L., Li, W., Zhang, S., Wang, W., Liu, P., Zhang, J., Xie, B., Li, W., et al. (2017) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2017.1333077 · Cited by 17
Prevalence and Factors of Postpartum Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review
Low, S. R., Bono, S. A., & Azmi, Z. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04181-w · Cited by 17
Wajid, A., Kingston, D. E., Bright, K. S., Mughal, M. K., Charrois, E. M., & Giallo, R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.138 · Cited by 16
Estinfort, W., Huang, J., Au, H., Lin, C.-L., Chen, Y., Chao, H. J., Chien, L., Lo, Y., & Chen, Y.-H. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2338 · Cited by 15
Papadopoulos, A., Nichols, E. S., Mohsenzadeh, Y., Giroux, I., Mottola, M. F., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Duerden, E. G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100387 · Cited by 15
Maternal Mental Health and Peripartum Depression
Valadares, G. C., Drummond, A. V., Rangel, C. C., Santos, E. J. R., & Apter, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29081-8_24 · Cited by 14
Maternal mental health and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months in a low‐income South African cohort
Burger, M., Einspieler, C., Niehaus, D. J. H., Unger, M., & Jordaan, E. (2022) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22021 · Cited by 14
Vameghi, R., Akbari, S. A. A., Sajedi, F., Sajjadi, H., & Majd, H. A. (2016) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v10i4.11344 · Cited by 13
Kott, J., & Brummelte, S. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.004 · Cited by 15
Foster, S. A., Kile, M. L., Hystad, P., Diamond, M. L., Jantunen, L. M., Mandhane, P. J., Moraes, T. J., Navaranjan, G., Scott, J. A., Simons, E., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117451 · Cited by 12
Relationship of Mothers' Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children.
Sajedi, F., Doulabi, M. A., Vameghi, R., Mazaheri, M. A., & Akbarzadeh-Baghban, A. (2016) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v10i3.10340 · Cited by 12
Esalatmanesh, S., Kashani, L., Khooshideh, M., Moghaddam, H. S., Ansari, S., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2023) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-023-07042-4 · Cited by 12
Lim, H. J., Moon, E., Kim, K., Suh, H., Park, J., Kim, D.-R., Park, J., Shin, M., & Lee, Y.-H. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0002 · Cited by 11
Sun, Y., Park, S., Malik, A., Atif, N., Zaidi, A., Rahman, A., & Surkan, P. J. (2024) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101136 · Cited by 10
Gotlib, I. H., Buthmann, J. L., & Miller, J. G. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043144 · Cited by 11
Watts, S., Oburu, P. O., Lah, S. S., Rhodes, P., & Hunt, C. J. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1244674 · Cited by 12
Wemakor, A., Bukari, M., & Atariba, R. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16157-x · Cited by 9
Racine, N. M., Wu, P., Pagaling, R., O'Reilly, H., Brunet, G., Birken, C. S., Lorenzetti, D., & Madigan, S. L. (2024) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22097 · Cited by 9
Castelli, R. D., Quevedo, L. D. Á., Coelho, F. M. D. C., Lopez, M. A., da Silva, R. A., Böhm, D. M., Souza, L. D. D. M., de Matos, M. B., Pinheiro, K. A. T., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.002 · Cited by 12
Alhammadi, M. H., Almontashri, A. I., Radwan, E. M., Khouj, M. A., Alsaif, A. A., Alkhalifah, Z. A., Alzahrani, M. K., Basuliman, A. A., Kattan, W. E., & Bahkali, N. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38466 · Cited by 8
Lubis, P. N., Saputra, M., & Rabbani, M. W. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2361232 · Cited by 13
Rayport, Y. K., Sania, A., Lucchini, M., du Plessis, C., Potter, M., Springer, P. E., Gimenez, L. A., Odendaal, H. J., Fifer, W. P., & Shuffrey, L. C. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001124 · Cited by 7
Zinner-Gérecz, Á., & Perczel-Forintos, D. (2021) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2021.32237 · Cited by 7
Dunn, J. A., Medhin, G., Dewey, M. E., Alem, A., Worku, B., Paksarian, D., Newton, C. R. J. C., Tomlinson, M., Prince, M. J., & Hanlon, C. (2022) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13725 · Cited by 7
Cowderoy, G., Power, J., Lewis, A. J., Watson, S., & Galbally, M. (2020) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856220928869 · Cited by 7
Jacques, N., Mesenburg, M. A., Murray, J., Bertoldi, A. D., Domingues, M. R., Stein, A. L., & da Silveira, M. F. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics X · doi:10.1016/j.ympdx.2021.100065 · Cited by 9
Mental disorders in pregnancy and 5–8 years after delivery
Rondó, P. H. C., Ferreira, R. F., Lemos, J. O., & Pereira-Freire, J. A. (2016) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.26 · Cited by 6
Burger, M., Einspieler, C., Jordaan, E., Unger, M., & Niehaus, D. J. H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126192 · Cited by 6
Hu, J., Liu, B., Cui, H., Liu, Y., Wan, N., Li, L., Lu, Z., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Ma, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-06200-5 · Cited by 6
Lu, M., Jiang, M., Gu, Y., Li, H., Hou, Y., Yu, X., Cao, Y., Zhu, B., & Tao, F. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063593 · Cited by 6
What are the mental health issues of postpartum mothers during a pandemic? A scoping review
Maulina, R., Argaheni, N. B., & Juwita, S. (2023) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2023.2621 · Cited by 6
The association between postpartum depression and early childhood caries
Sun, L. (2020) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2020.1724327 · Cited by 8
Doulabi, M. A., Sajedi, F., Vameghi, R., Mazaheri, M. A., Baghban, A. A., & Afraz, F. (2019) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v13i4.18050 · Cited by 6
Mokwena, K. E., & Modjadji, P. (2022) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3031 · Cited by 7
Sociocultural factors associated with the development of postnatal anxiety symptoms
Mohammad, K., Alfarajat, E. M., Creedy, D. K., & Gamble, J. A. (2019) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2019.27.6.362 · Cited by 5
Assessment of the validity and reliability of edinburgh postpartum depression scale in Turkish men
Alkan, Ç., Didikoğlu, A., Çöme, O., Yılmaz, B., & Mevsim, V. (2024) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2024-0026 · Cited by 5
Geng, Y., Liu, W., Yu, Z., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Zhao, W. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03877-7 · Cited by 6
He, Q., Cheng, G., He, S., Tian, G., Xie, X., Jiang, N., Min, X., Li, C., Li, R., Shi, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1135876 · Cited by 5
Maternal depression: A major risk factor for psychosocial wellbeing among preschoolers
Nadeem, S., Rafique, G., & Chachar, Y. S. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.018 · Cited by 5
Bird, A. L., Reese, E., Salmon, K., Waldie, K. E., Peterson, E. R., Carr, P. A., & Morton, S. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001311 · Cited by 6
Zain, E., Watanabe, Y., Takabayashi, S., Por, L., Fujita, S., Moriyama, S., Honma, A., Fukui, N., & Boku, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1659497 · Cited by 5
Celecoxib in Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Case Report
Esalatmanesh, S., Kashani, L., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2023) · Archives of Iranian Medicine · doi:10.34172/aim.2023.42 · Cited by 4
Kahya, Y., Uluç, S., Lee, S. H., & Beebe, B. A. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001190 · Cited by 4
Johnson, D., Wade, M., Marini, F. C., Vigod, S. N., Brown, H. K., Grigoriadis, S., Shiri, R., & Dennis, C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.113 · Cited by 3
Depression by Association? Mental Well-Being of Women in Urban Slums of Pakistan
Ehsan, T. A., Jehangir, F., & Najmi, R. (2021) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v13n5p24 · Cited by 3
Impact of the 2022 Infant Formula Shortage on Self-Reported Rates of Anxiety and Depression
DuBois, D., Sundell, J., Thomsen, M. R., & Brown, C. C. (2024) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0000000000000839 · Cited by 3
Management of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression: A Narrative Review
Whei, S. J., Deva, S., Vijayakumar, V., Khan, S. S., Awad, S. A., Asfeen, U. Z., Maniar, R. H., & Shrestha, B. (2025) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.70012 · Cited by 3
Fitriani, E. T., Rohmawati, I., & Murniati, A. (2022) · Care Journal · doi:10.35584/carejournal.v2i1.131 · Cited by 2
Amboka, P., Nampijja, M., & Masibo, P. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1623064 · Cited by 2
Kumar, D., Soremekun, S., Roy, R., Bhopal, S., Verma, D., Sharma, K. K., Batura, N., Divan, G., Kirkwood, B. R., & Avan, B. I. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03746-1 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Ali, N. S., Mahmud, S., Khan, A., & Ali, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Niloufer Sultan
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-10-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 274-274
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3819469
- OpenAlex
- W2130703322
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, child psychological development, early childhood development, child growth, stunting, social-emotional development, language development, cognitive development, gross motor development, fine motor development, maternal age, sex differences, household income, Karachi
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mothers, Pakistan, Poverty, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Urban Population, Depression, Postpartum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
