Impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on child’s mental development from two peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi-experimental study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Postpartum anxiety and depression has detrimental effects on the overall mental development of children. This study aims to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's mental development on all sub-scales in a Pakistani population. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two peri-urban communities of Karachi, a mega city of Pakistan, to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's growth and mental development. A total of 420 women were enrolled, who had given consent out of 651 pregnant women identified, during February 2004 to December 2005. Data for socio-demographic, home environment and family relationship variables were collected between 36 weeks of pregnancy and within 10 days of childbirth. Mother's levels of anxiety and depression were assessed at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of childbirth. An indigenous, validated screening instrument- Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression scale was used and diagnostic confirmation was done through a psychologist's interview, based on DSM IV criteria. Children's growth and development was monitored in the same sequence using an Early Childhood Development tool that consists of five subscales; socio emotional, language, cognitive, gross motor and fine motor development. Physical growth was monitored by measuring height and weight of the child. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.2. Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) logistic regression was conducted to identify association of postpartum anxiety and depression with each early childhood development indicator, adjusting for parental and child factors. RESULTS: A significant association of postpartum anxiety and depression with delayed development on all five subscales of children's mental development was found in our study. Interestingly, our study found that higher maternal age had adverse effects on child's emotional whereas positive impact on child's cognitive development. Children's stunting had an adverse impact on all five subscales of children's development. Male children were at higher risk for delayed language and gross motor development relative to female children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that postpartum anxiety and depression is associated with adverse outcomes regarding children's mental development on all sub-scales. The impact was accentuated by low family income or child's increasing age.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A child's language development is affected by maternal PPD only when the father's income is high (Pakistan).
“The third study,94 conducted in Pakistan, showed that a child’s language development was affected by maternal PPD only when the father’s income was high.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The Results (Child language development, Table 4) report the opposite income pattern: children of depressed mothers had significantly higher odds of language delay when the father's income was below 3500 rupees/month. The Results also state that maternal depression had no significant impact on language development when his income was at least 3500 rupees/month. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany studies indicated significant and negative associations between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant cognitive development, language development, infant behaviors, overall infant health concerns, and quality of sleep.
“Moreover, many studies indicated significant and negative associations between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant cognitive development,94,95,99,101,102,107,141,147 language development,94,102,105,116,117,131,132,139 infant behaviors,49,52,110,114,120,121,131,133 overall infant health concerns,48,104,119,122–124,135,136,138 and quality of sleep.104,108”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The Results (Child cognitive development; page not provided) report significantly greater odds of delayed cognitive development among children of depressed mothers at 6 and 12 months. The Background and Discussion also report links with language problems and infant behavior. Our copy does not address overall infant health concerns or sleep quality, so it does not support those parts of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe impact of maternal PPD on infant motor development seemed to be controversial: some studies demonstrated a clear effect of PPD on children's gross and fine motor development, while other studies did not demonstrate this effect.
“In contrast, the impact of maternal PPD on infant motor development seemed to be controversial: some studies94,95,97 demonstrated a clear effect of PPD on children’s gross and fine motor development, while other studies66,103,107 did not demonstrate this effect.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The Discussion and conclusions report a significant association between maternal depression and delayed gross motor development at 12 months, but no significant association at 2 or 6 months. They also report a significant association with delayed fine motor development at 18 months. This supports mixed findings by age, but not a characterization of this study as finding no effect on motor development. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMaternal depression has a significant impact on fine motor development at 18 months (Pakistan).
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Maternal depression has a significant impact on gross motor development at 12 months (Pakistan).
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Maternal depression has a nonsignificant impact on fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months (Pakistan).
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Maternal depression is associated with approximately three-fold higher risk of delayed cognitive development at 6 months (adjusted OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 9.9) (Pakistan).
“However, the impact of maternal depression on delayed cognitive development of the child was approximately three-fold at the 6-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 9.9)”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Maternal depression is associated with approximately seven-fold higher risk of delayed cognitive development at 12 months (adjusted OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 3.0, 15.7) (Pakistan).
“and approximately seven-fold at the 12-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 3.0, 15.7).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Children of depressed mothers whose husband's income was <3500 rupees/month have more than a five-fold risk of delayed language development relative to children whose mothers were not depressed and whose father's income was ⩾3500 rupees/month (adjusted OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.3, 12.4).
“Children of depressed mothers whose husband’s income was <3500 rupees/month had more than a five-fold risk of delayed language development relative to children whose mothers were not depressed and whose father’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month (adjusted OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.3, 12.4).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Maternal depression has no significant impact on children's cognitive development at 2 months (Pakistan).
“At the 2-month follow-up, maternal depression showed no significant impact on children’s cognitive development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
There is a significant interaction between a mother's depression and her husband's income on children's language development.
“There was a significant interaction between a mother’s depression and her husband’s income.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Among women whose husband's income was ⩾3500 rupees/month, there is no significant impact of maternal depression on children's language development.
“Among women whose husband’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month, there was no significant impact of maternal depression on children’s language development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
When other variables were adjusted in the model, maternal depression placed children at an approximately six-fold risk of delayed emotional development (adjusted OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 3.0, 11.9).
“When other variables were adjusted in the model, maternal depression placed children at an approximately six-fold risk of delayed emotional development (adjusted OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 3.0, 11.9).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The prevalence of PPD varied among the included studies, from 2.7% in a population of Pakistani mothers at 18 months postpartum to 68.8% in a population of Australian mothers at 4 months postpartum.
“Therefore, the prevalence of PPD varied among these studies, from 2.7% in a population of Pakistani mothers at 18 months postpartum94 to 68.8% in a population of Australian mothers at 4 months postpartum.64”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305 · see citing works
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302 · see citing works
Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60032-4 · Cited by 3,630 · see citing works
Akaike's Information Criterion in Generalized Estimating Equations
Pan, W. (2001) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00120.x · Cited by 2,507 · see citing works
Handbook of infant development
Osofsky, J. D. (1979) · Cited by 2,263 · see citing works
The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development
Murray, L. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Handbook of Infant Development.
Lilleskov, R. K. (1983) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518303100327 · Cited by 1,053 · see citing works
Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Maternal Correlates of Growth in Toddler Vocabulary Production in Low-Income Families
Pan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Singer, J. D., & Snow, C. E. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00498-i1 · Cited by 784 · see citing works
Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms
Halbreich, U., & Karkun, S. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b21651 · Cited by 747 · see citing works
Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Psychological Distress and Infant Development: A Systematic Review
Kingston, D. E., Tough, S., & Whitfield, H. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0291-4 · Cited by 673 · see citing works
The effects of postpartum depression on child development: A meta-analysis
Beck, C. T. (1998) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9417(98)80004-6 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C. L., Andersen, M. J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.6.759 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Pearlstein, T., Howard, M., Salisbury, A., & Zlotnick, C. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Intellectual Problems Shown by 11‐year‐old Children Whose Mothers Had Postnatal Depression
Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S. J., Sharp, D., Asten, P., Mills, A., & Kumar, R. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00784 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C. L., Andersen, M. J., et al. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.6.759 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
RAHMAN, A., IQBAL, Z., & HARRINGTON, R. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008286 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Patel, V. (2002) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.88.1.34 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Postpartum depression and mother–infant relationship at 3 months old
Righetti-Veltema, M., Conne-Perréard, É., Bousquet, A., & Manzano, J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00367-6 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Poobalan, A. S., Aucott, L. S., Ross, L., Smith, W. C. S., Helms, P. J., & Williams, J. H. G. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032789 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Effects of postnatal depression on children's adjustment to school
Sinclair, D., & Murray, L. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.1.58 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Correlated Data Analysis: Modeling, Analytics, and Applications
Song, P. X. ‐. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71393-9 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
McLearn, K. T., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., Marks, E., & Hou, W. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1551 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Prevalence and social correlates of postnatal depression in a low income country
Husain, N., Bevc, I., Husain, M. O., Chaudhry, I. B., Atif, N., & Rahman, A. (2006) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0129-9 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Rahman, A., & Creed, F. H. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.004 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Mental health of parents caring for infants
Murray, L., Cooper, P., & Hipwell, A. E. (2003) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0007-7 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Cornish, A. M., McMahon, C. A., Ungerer, J. A., Barnett, B., Kowalenko, N., & Tennant, C. (2005) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.03.004 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The impact of maternal post‐partum depression on the language development of children at 12 months
Quevedo, L. A., Silva, R. A., Godoy, R., Jansen, K., Matos, M. B., Tavares Pinheiro, K. A., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01251.x · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi mothers: implications for infant development
Black, M. M., Baqui, A. H., Zaman, K., McNary, S. W., Le, K., Arifeen, S. E., Hamadani, J. D., Parveen, M., Yunus, M., & Black, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01752.x · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Effects of Postnatal Depression on Mother–Infant Interactions and Child Development
Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., & Cooper, P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327588.ch8 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Maternal Depressive Symptoms Affect Infant Cognitive Development in Barbados
Galler, J. R., Harrison, R. H., Ramsey, F., Forde, V., & Butler, S. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00662 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., Murray, L., Dequae-Merchadou, L., Glatigny-Dallay, E., Bourgeois, M.-L., & Verdoux, H. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.05.004 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Postnatal depression and child outcome at 11 years: The importance of accurate diagnosis
Pawlby, S. J., Sharp, D., Hay, D. F., & O’Keane, V. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi mothers: implications for infant development
Black, M. M., Baqui, A. H., Zaman, K., McNary, S. W., Le, K., Arifeen, S. E., Hamadani, J. D., Parveen, M., Yunus, M., & Black, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.1752.x · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Ali, B. S., Rahbar, M. H., Naeem, S., Gul, A., Mubeen, S., & Iqbal, A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.3.324 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationWesterlund, M., & Lagerberg, D. (2008) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00801.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Growth of infant communication between 8 and 12 months: A population study
Reilly, S., Eadie, P. A., Bavin, E. L., Wake, M. A., Prior, M. R., Williams, J. W., Bretherton, L., Barrett, Y., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2006) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00974.x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ali, N. S., Ali, B. S., & Azam, I. S. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-384 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationAli, B. S., Rahbar, M. H., Naeem, S., Tareen, A. L., Gul, A., & Samad, L. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentifying Postpartum Depression: Are 3 Questions as Good as 10?
Kabir, K., Sheeder, J. L., & Kelly, L. S. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1759 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Giakoumaki, O., Vasilaki, K., Lili, L., Skouroliakou, M., & Liosis, G. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820802604839 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ali, B. S., Reza, H., Khan, M. M., & Jehan, I. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationHadley, C., Tegegn, A., Tessema, F., Asefa, M., & Galea, S. (2008) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460802043624 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Assessing the social behavior of infants: Use of the ADBB Scale and relationship to mother's mood
Matthey, S., Guédeney, A., Starakis, N., & Barnett, B. E. W. (2005) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20061 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ali, N. S., Ali, B. S., Azam, I. S., & Khuwaja, A. K. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-57 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationBahadırlı, A., & Amanullah, S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Karmaliani, R., Bann, C., Pirani, F., Akhtar, S., Bender, R. H., Goldenberg, R. L., & Moss, N. (2007) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330701334562 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Views about women's mental health: study in a squatter settlement of Karachi.
Rabbani, F. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gul, A. N. A., & Ali, B. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbertsson‐Karlgren, U., Bohlin, G., Hageküll, B., & Nettelbladt, P. (2000) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/080394800448093 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Care for development Appraisal tool for Assessing and Monitoring Child Development-First Three Years http://www.arnec.net/ntuc/slot/u2323/conference/presentations/Ghazala%20-%20Sanober%20ARNEC%20workshop%20-%20FINAL.pdf
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Women's Health · doi:10.1177/1745506519844044 · Cited by 1,496 · see citing works
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30284-x · Cited by 1,155 · see citing works
Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Poverty and disability in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Banks, L. M., Kuper, H., & Polack, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189996 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review
Field, T. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.02.005 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Nakić Radoš, S. (2018) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2018.57.01.05 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Postpartum stress and infant outcome: A review of current literature
Oyetunji, A. O., & Chandra, P. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112769 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Maternal mental health: The missing “m” in the global maternal and child health agenda
Atif, N., Lovell, K., & Rahman, A. (2015) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2015.06.007 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
The Impact of Perinatal Depression on Children’s Social-Emotional Development: A Longitudinal Study
Junge, C., Garthus‐Niegel, S., Slinning, K., Polte, C., Simonsen, T. B., & Eberhard‐Gran, M. (2016) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2146-2 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Atif, N., Lovell, K., Husain, N., Sikander, S., Patel, V., & Rahman, A. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0055-9 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“higher rates of diarrhoea per year [9], growth retardation [10] and delayed cognitive and motor development [11].”
BackgroundWei, Q., Zhang, J., Scherpbier, R. W., Zhao, C., Luo, S. S., Wang, X., & Guo, S. (2015) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.036 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Jiang, N. M., Tofail, F., Moonah, S. N., Scharf, R. J., Taniuchi, M., Ma, J. Z., Hamadani, J. D., Gurley, E. S., Houpt, E. R., Azziz‐Baumgartner, E., et al. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-50 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Does maternal postpartum depression affect children's developmental outcomes?
Aoyagi, S., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2019) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14064 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Deng, A., Xiong, R., Jiang, T., Luo, Y.-P., & Chen, W.-Z. (2014) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.1016/s1995-7645(14)60030-4 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Burger, M., Hoosain, M., Einspieler, C., Unger, M., & Niehaus, D. J. H. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Chang, S., Chen, K.-H., Ho, H., Lai, Y., Lin, M.-I. B., Lee, C., & Lin, W. (2015) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.04.019 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Skin‐to‐skin contact to improve premature mothers' anxiety and stress state: A meta‐analysis
Cong, S., Wang, R., Fan, X., Song, X., Sha, L., Zhu, Z., Zhou, H. J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, A. (2021) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.13245 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Returning to work after maternity leave: a systematic literature review
Franzoi, I. G., Sauta, M. D., Luca, A. D., & Granieri, A. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01464-y · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Severo, M., Ventriglio, A., Bellomo, A., Iuso, S., & Petito, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151897 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Postpartum Anxiety Prevalence, Predictors and Effects on Child Development: A Review
Field, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders · doi:10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0010 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Sinha, B., Sommerfelt, H., Ashorn, P., Mazumder, S., Taneja, S., More, D., Bahl, R., & Bhandari, N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.6040 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Furtado, M., Van Lieshout, R. J., Van Ameringen, M., Green, S. M., & Frey, B. N. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.02.064 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bluett‐Duncan, M., Kishore, M. T., Patil, D. M., Satyanarayana, V. A., & Sharp, H. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0253790 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Surkan, P. J., Malik, A., Perin, J., Atif, N., Rowther, A. A., Zaidi, A., & Rahman, A. (2024) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-024-02809-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Malaria impact on cognitive function of children in a peri-urban community in the Brazilian Amazon
Andrade, R. T., de Castro, D. B., de Melo, G. C., Balogun, S., James, M. A., Pessoa, R. C., de Almeida, A. C. G., Costa, M. R. F., Pinto, R. C., de Albuquerque, B. C., et al. (2019) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-019-2802-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lauš, K. N. (2017) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2017.56.04.05 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Relationships between perineal pain and postpartum depressive symptoms: A prospective cohort study
Chang, S., Chen, K., Lee, C., Shyu, M., Lin, M.-I., & Lin, W. (2016) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.02.012 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Maternal psychologic problems increased the risk of childhood atopic dermatitis
Wang, I.-J., Wen, H., Chiang, T., Lin, S. J., & Guo, Y. L. (2015) · Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · doi:10.1111/pai.12518 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mothering and anxiety: Social support and competence as mitigating factors for first-time mothers
Chavis, L. H. (2016) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2016.1170749 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mirhosseini, H., Moosavipoor, S. A., Nazari, M. A., Dehghan, A., Mirhosseini, S., Bidaki, R., & Anari, P. Y. (2015) · Electronic physician · doi:10.19082/1673 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Jagoe, C., McDonald, C., Velarde, M. R., & Groce, N. E. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258575 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Faisal‐Cury, A., Tabb, K. M., Ziebold, C., & Matijasevich, A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100125 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nahar, B., Hossain, I., Hamadani, J. D., Ahmed, T., Grantham‐McGregor, S., & Persson, L. Å. (2014) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12176 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Das, A., Gordon-Ocejo, G., Kumar, M., Kumar, N., & Needlman, R. D. (2019) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2019.1647162 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Wassif, O. M., Abdo, A. S., Elawady, M. A., Elmaksoud, A. A. A., & Eldesouky, R. S. (2019) · Journal of Environmental and Public Health · doi:10.1155/2019/3691752 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Psychiatric support for mothers in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Penny, K., Friedman, S. H., & Halstead, G. M. (2014) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2014.221 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Depresión materna postnatal y su repercusión en el neurodesarrollo infantil: estudio de cohorte
González, G., Moraes, M., Sosa, C., Umpiérrez, E., Duarte, M., Cal, J. B., & Ghione, A. (2017) · Revista chilena de pediatría · doi:10.4067/s0370-41062017000300008 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Are “Superwomen” without social support at risk for postpartum depression and anxiety?
Arnold, M. S., & Kalibatseva, Z. (2020) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2020.1844360 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Factors associated with post‐natal anxiety among primiparous mothers in N epal
Shrestha, S., Adachi, K., Petrini, M. A., & Shrestha, S. (2014) · International Nursing Review · doi:10.1111/inr.12118 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Low, S. R., Bono, S. A., & Azmi, Z. (2023) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12528 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Perinatal depression trajectories and child development at one year: a study in China
Zhu, Y., Li, X., Chen, J., & Gong, W. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-024-06330-4 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Economic costs of perinatal depression and anxiety in a lower middle income country: Pakistan
Bauer, A., Knapp, M. R. J., Alvi, M. H., Chaudhry, N., Grégoire, A., Malik, A., Sikander, S., Tayyaba, K., Waqas, A., & Husain, N. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.04.061 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The impact of postpartum depression on infant development in the first year of life
Alfayumi‐Zeadna, S., Masarwe, S., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & O’Rourke, N. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119558 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gebrekristos, L. T., Groves, A. K., Reyes, H. L. M., Moodley, D., Beksinska, M. E., & Maman, S. (2023) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-023-01605-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Song, C., Li, W., Leng, J., Wang, L., Li, W., Shi, F., Liu, G., Zhou, J., & Yang, X. (2018) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2018.1478365 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Postnatal Depression Beyond 12 Months: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Hellyer, E., Nash, K., Jones, E., Sitch, A. J., Janković, J., Berrisford, G. S., Casey, A., & MacArthur, C. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70018 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ketamine as Potential Treatment for Postpartum Depression: A Narrative Review
Chen-Li, D. C. J., Lui, L. M. W., Rosenblat, J. D., Lipsitz, O., Teopiz, K. M., Ho, R., Vinberg, M., Golts, M., Jawad, M. Y., Lee, Y. L., et al. (2022) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0082 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chamgurdani, F. K., Barkin, J. L., Curry, C. L., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17103350 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Orri, M., Besharati, S. N., Ahun, M. N., & Richter, L. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.21667 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sridhar, H., Kishore, M. T., & Chandra, P. S. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01485-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Song, C., Leng, J., Wang, L., Li, W., Zhang, S., Wang, W., Liu, P., Zhang, J., Xie, B., Li, W., et al. (2017) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2017.1333077 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Prevalence and Factors of Postpartum Depression During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review
Low, S. R., Bono, S. A., & Azmi, Z. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04181-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wajid, A., Kingston, D. E., Bright, K. S., Mughal, M. K., Charrois, E. M., & Giallo, R. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.138 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Estinfort, W., Huang, J., Au, H., Lin, C.-L., Chen, Y., Chao, H. J., Chien, L., Lo, Y., & Chen, Y.-H. (2022) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.2338 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Papadopoulos, A., Nichols, E. S., Mohsenzadeh, Y., Giroux, I., Mottola, M. F., Lieshout, R. J. V., & Duerden, E. G. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100387 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Maternal Mental Health and Peripartum Depression
Valadares, G. C., Drummond, A. V., Rangel, C. C., Santos, E. J. R., & Apter, G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29081-8_24 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Maternal mental health and infant neurodevelopment at 6 months in a low‐income South African cohort
Burger, M., Einspieler, C., Niehaus, D. J. H., Unger, M., & Jordaan, E. (2022) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22021 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vameghi, R., Akbari, S. A. A., Sajedi, F., Sajjadi, H., & Majd, H. A. (2016) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v10i4.11344 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kott, J., & Brummelte, S. (2019) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.01.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Foster, S. A., Kile, M. L., Hystad, P., Diamond, M. L., Jantunen, L. M., Mandhane, P. J., Moraes, T. J., Navaranjan, G., Scott, J. A., Simons, E., et al. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117451 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Relationship of Mothers' Psychological Status with Development of Kindergarten Children.
Sajedi, F., Doulabi, M. A., Vameghi, R., Mazaheri, M. A., & Akbarzadeh-Baghban, A. (2016) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v10i3.10340 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Esalatmanesh, S., Kashani, L., Khooshideh, M., Moghaddam, H. S., Ansari, S., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2023) · Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics · doi:10.1007/s00404-023-07042-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lim, H. J., Moon, E., Kim, K., Suh, H., Park, J., Kim, D.-R., Park, J., Shin, M., & Lee, Y.-H. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Park, S., Malik, A., Atif, N., Zaidi, A., Rahman, A., & Surkan, P. J. (2024) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2023-101136 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Gotlib, I. H., Buthmann, J. L., & Miller, J. G. (2023) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-120621-043144 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Watts, S., Oburu, P. O., Lah, S. S., Rhodes, P., & Hunt, C. J. (2016) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2016.1244674 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wemakor, A., Bukari, M., & Atariba, R. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16157-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Racine, N. M., Wu, P., Pagaling, R., O'Reilly, H., Brunet, G., Birken, C. S., Lorenzetti, D., & Madigan, S. L. (2024) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.22097 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Castelli, R. D., Quevedo, L. D. Á., Coelho, F. M. D. C., Lopez, M. A., da Silva, R. A., Böhm, D. M., Souza, L. D. D. M., de Matos, M. B., Pinheiro, K. A. T., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2015) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2015.10.002 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Alhammadi, M. H., Almontashri, A. I., Radwan, E. M., Khouj, M. A., Alsaif, A. A., Alkhalifah, Z. A., Alzahrani, M. K., Basuliman, A. A., Kattan, W. E., & Bahkali, N. M. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.38466 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lubis, P. N., Saputra, M., & Rabbani, M. W. (2024) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2024.2361232 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Rayport, Y. K., Sania, A., Lucchini, M., du Plessis, C., Potter, M., Springer, P. E., Gimenez, L. A., Odendaal, H. J., Fifer, W. P., & Shuffrey, L. C. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001124 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zinner-Gérecz, Á., & Perczel-Forintos, D. (2021) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2021.32237 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dunn, J. A., Medhin, G., Dewey, M. E., Alem, A., Worku, B., Paksarian, D., Newton, C. R. J. C., Tomlinson, M., Prince, M. J., & Hanlon, C. (2022) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13725 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cowderoy, G., Power, J., Lewis, A. J., Watson, S., & Galbally, M. (2020) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856220928869 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jacques, N., Mesenburg, M. A., Murray, J., Bertoldi, A. D., Domingues, M. R., Stein, A. L., & da Silveira, M. F. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics X · doi:10.1016/j.ympdx.2021.100065 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mental disorders in pregnancy and 5–8 years after delivery
Rondó, P. H. C., Ferreira, R. F., Lemos, J. O., & Pereira-Freire, J. A. (2016) · Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2016.26 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Burger, M., Einspieler, C., Jordaan, E., Unger, M., & Niehaus, D. J. H. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20126192 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hu, J., Liu, B., Cui, H., Liu, Y., Wan, N., Li, L., Lu, Z., Wang, X., Yang, Z., Ma, Y., et al. (2024) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-06200-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lu, M., Jiang, M., Gu, Y., Li, H., Hou, Y., Yu, X., Cao, Y., Zhu, B., & Tao, F. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063593 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
What are the mental health issues of postpartum mothers during a pandemic? A scoping review
Maulina, R., Argaheni, N. B., & Juwita, S. (2023) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2023.2621 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The association between postpartum depression and early childhood caries
Sun, L. (2020) · Acta Odontologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1080/00016357.2020.1724327 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Doulabi, M. A., Sajedi, F., Vameghi, R., Mazaheri, M. A., Baghban, A. A., & Afraz, F. (2019) · Iranian journal of child neurology. · doi:10.22037/ijcn.v13i4.18050 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mokwena, K. E., & Modjadji, P. (2022) · African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine · doi:10.4102/phcfm.v14i1.3031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sociocultural factors associated with the development of postnatal anxiety symptoms
Mohammad, K., Alfarajat, E. M., Creedy, D. K., & Gamble, J. A. (2019) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2019.27.6.362 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Assessment of the validity and reliability of edinburgh postpartum depression scale in Turkish men
Alkan, Ç., Didikoğlu, A., Çöme, O., Yılmaz, B., & Mevsim, V. (2024) · Journal of Perinatal Medicine · doi:10.1515/jpm-2024-0026 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Geng, Y., Liu, W., Yu, Z., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Zhao, W. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03877-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
He, Q., Cheng, G., He, S., Tian, G., Xie, X., Jiang, N., Min, X., Li, C., Li, R., Shi, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1135876 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Maternal depression: A major risk factor for psychosocial wellbeing among preschoolers
Nadeem, S., Rafique, G., & Chachar, Y. S. (2018) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.08.018 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bird, A. L., Reese, E., Salmon, K., Waldie, K. E., Peterson, E. R., Carr, P. A., & Morton, S. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001311 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zain, E., Watanabe, Y., Takabayashi, S., Por, L., Fujita, S., Moriyama, S., Honma, A., Fukui, N., & Boku, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1659497 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Celecoxib in Treatment of Postpartum Depression: A Case Report
Esalatmanesh, S., Kashani, L., & Akhondzadeh, S. (2023) · Archives of Iranian Medicine · doi:10.34172/aim.2023.42 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kahya, Y., Uluç, S., Lee, S. H., & Beebe, B. A. (2023) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001190 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Johnson, D., Wade, M., Marini, F. C., Vigod, S. N., Brown, H. K., Grigoriadis, S., Shiri, R., & Dennis, C. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.113 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Depression by Association? Mental Well-Being of Women in Urban Slums of Pakistan
Ehsan, T. A., Jehangir, F., & Najmi, R. (2021) · Global Journal of Health Science · doi:10.5539/gjhs.v13n5p24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Impact of the 2022 Infant Formula Shortage on Self-Reported Rates of Anxiety and Depression
DuBois, D., Sundell, J., Thomsen, M. R., & Brown, C. C. (2024) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0000000000000839 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Management of Postpartum Anxiety and Depression: A Narrative Review
Whei, S. J., Deva, S., Vijayakumar, V., Khan, S. S., Awad, S. A., Asfeen, U. Z., Maniar, R. H., & Shrestha, B. (2025) · Mental Health Science · doi:10.1002/mhs2.70012 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fitriani, E. T., Rohmawati, I., & Murniati, A. (2022) · Care Journal · doi:10.35584/carejournal.v2i1.131 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Amboka, P., Nampijja, M., & Masibo, P. K. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1623064 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kumar, D., Soremekun, S., Roy, R., Bhopal, S., Verma, D., Sharma, K. K., Batura, N., Divan, G., Kirkwood, B. R., & Avan, B. I. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03746-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ali, N. S., Mahmud, S., Khan, A., & Ali, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Niloufer Sultan
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-10-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 274-274
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3819469
- OpenAlex
- W2130703322
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, child psychological development, early childhood development, child growth, stunting, social-emotional development, language development, cognitive development, gross motor development, fine motor development, maternal age, sex differences, household income, Karachi
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mothers, Pakistan, Poverty, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Urban Population, Depression, Postpartum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
