Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shorey, Shefaly; Chee, Cornelia Yin Ing; Ng, Esperanza Debby; Chan, Yiong Huak; Tam, Wilson Wai San; Chong, Yap Seng

doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001

Cited by 1,055Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and PostpartumMaternal and Neonatal HealthcareMaternal and Perinatal Health Interventions

Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Shorey, Shefaly, Chee, Cornelia Yin Ing, Ng, Esperanza Debby, Chan, Yiong Huak, Tam, Wilson Wai San, Chong, Yap Seng·2018·Journal of Psychiatric Research

DOI 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001

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Abstract

This review aims to examine the prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers without prior history of depression including postpartum depression and who gave birth to healthy full-term infants. A systematic search of ClinicalTrials.gov, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and PubMed was performed for English articles from the inception of the database to November 2017, as well as a manual search of the reference lists of the included articles, and an expert panel was consulted. Across 15,895 articles, 58 articles (N = 37,294 women) were included in the review. The incidence of postpartum depression was 12% [95% CI 0.04-0.20] while the overall prevalence of depression was 17% [95% CI 0.15-0.20] among healthy mothers without a prior history of depression. Prevalence was similar regardless of the type of diagnostic tool used; however, there were statistical differences in the prevalence between different geographical regions, with the Middle-East having the highest prevalence (26%, 95% CI 0.13-0.39) and Europe having the lowest (8%, 95% CI 0.05-0.11). There was no statistical difference in prevalence between different screening time points, but an increasing prevalence was observed beyond six months postpartum. Intervention studies often neglect healthy mothers. This review reports a similar prevalence rate of postpartum depression among mothers without history of depression when compared to mothers with history of depression. Thus, future studies should place equal emphasis on this neglected group of mothers so that targeted interventions and follow-ups can be introduced at appropriate time points.

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The incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers without prior history of depression is 12% (95% CI 0.04-0.20) and the overall prevalence is 17% (95% CI 0.15-0.20).
“The incidence was 12% [95% CI 0.04–0.20] and the overall prevalence was 17% [95% CI 0.15–0.20] [5].”
From Mental health-related telemedicine interventions for pregnant women and new mothers: a systematic literature review (2023) · cites this paper as [5]

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A Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study of Depression at Various Times after Delivery in Mersin Province in Turkey
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Prospective Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Al-Dakhliya Governorate in Oman
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Postpartum Depressive Symptomatology: Results from a Two‐Stage US National Survey
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Postpartum depression among Israeli Bedouin women
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Immigrant Afghan women׳s emotional well-being after birth and use of health services in Melbourne, Australia
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Prevalence of postpartum depression in Nuuk, Greenland – a cross-sectional study using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
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Postnatal Depression: A South Australian Prospective Survey
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Postpartum Mental Health in First-Time Mothers: A Cohort Study
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Introducing depression and developmental screenings into the National Programme on Immunization (NPI) in southeast Nigeria: an experimental cross-sectional assessment
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Persian couples’ experiences of depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in the pre- and perinatal period
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Prevalence and Psychological Correlates of Postnatal Depression in Rural Taiwanese Women
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Regions and Countries
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Perinatal mental health: a review of progress and challenges
Howard, L. M., & Khalifeh, H. (2020) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20769 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, W., Krabbendam, E., Liu, S., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Postpartum Depression in Women: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Liu, X., Wang, S., & Wang, G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16121 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Mental Health of Pregnant and Postpartum Women During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yan, H., Ding, Y., & Guo, W. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.617001 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Perinatal Risk and Resilience During COVID-19
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Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for perinatal maternal depression, anxiety and stress: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Li, X., Laplante, D. P., Paquin, V., Lafortune, S., Elgbeili, G., & King, S. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102129 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Mothers’ and fathers’ lived experiences of postpartum depression and parental stress after childbirth: a qualitative study
Johansson, M., Benderix, Y., & Svensson, I. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1722564 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Prevalence and risk factors of postpartum depression in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta–analysis
Ahmad, H. A., Alkhatib, A., & Luo, J. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04016-9 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors
Liu, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, N., & Jiang, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03432-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression across the female reproductive lifecycle: current knowledge and future directions
Hantsoo, L., Jagodnik, K., Novick, A. M., Baweja, R., di Scalea, T. L., Özerdem, A., McGlade, E. C., Simeonova, D. I., Dekel, S., Kornfield, S. L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1295261 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Postpartum Depression
Kroska, E. B., & Stowe, Z. N. (2020) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2020.05.001 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Association between anemia and maternal depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Kang, S. Y., Kim, H.-B., & Sunwoo, S. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
When the Bough Breaks: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of mental health symptoms in mothers of young children during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Racine, N. M., Eirich, R., Cooke, J. E., Zhu, J., Pador, P., Dunnewold, N., & Madigan, S. L. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21959 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neglected medium-term and long-term consequences of labour and childbirth: a systematic analysis of the burden, recommended practices, and a way forward
Vogel, J. P., Jung, J., Lavin, T., Simpson, G., Kluwgant, D., Abalos, E. J., Díaz, V., Downe, S. M., Filippi, V., Gallos, I. D., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00454-0 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Anxiety and depressive symptoms of women in the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shorey, S., Ng, E. D., & Chee, C. Y. I. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211011793 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citation
The global burden of perinatal common mental health disorders and substance use among migrant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Stevenson, K., Fellmeth, G. L., Edwards, S., Calvert, C., Bennett, P. R., Campbell, O. M. R., & Fuhr, D. C. (2023) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(22)00342-5 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Telehealth Interventions for Women With Postpartum Depression: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Zhao, L., Chen, J., Lan, L., Deng, N., Liao, Y., Yue, L., Chen, I., Wen, S. W., & Xie, R. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/32544 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Effects of COVID-19 Epidemic Lockdown on Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in a Sample of Italian Mothers
Spinola, O., Liotti, M., Speranza, A. M., & Tambelli, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.589916 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Risk factors associated with postpartum depressive symptoms: A multinational study
Bradshaw, H., Riddle, J. N., Salimgaraev, R., Zhaunova, L., & Payne, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.121 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on perinatal mental health (Riseup-PPD-COVID-19): protocol for an international prospective cohort study
Riseup-PPD-COVID-19 Group, Motrico, E., Bina, R., Domínguez‐Salas, S., Mateus, V., Contreras-García, Y., Carrasco‐Portiño, M., Ajaz, E., Apter, G., Christoforou, A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10330-w · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning
Amit, G., Girshovitz, I., Marcus, K., Zhang, Y., Pathak, J., Bar, V., & Akiva, P. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04087-8 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Factors Influencing Quality of Life in Early Postpartum Women
Jeong, Y. J., Nho, J., Kim, H. Y., & Kim, J. Y. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18062988 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Does maternal postpartum depression affect children's developmental outcomes?
Aoyagi, S., & Tsuchiya, K. J. (2019) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.14064 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Prevalence of suicidal ideation in pregnancy and the postpartum: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiao, M., Hu, Y., Huang, S., Wang, G., Zhao, J., & Lei, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.083 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Global prevalence of perinatal depression and anxiety during the COVID ‐19 pandemic: An umbrella review and meta‐analytic synthesis
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Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Perinatal Mood, Anxiety, and Related Disorders: Guide de pratique 2024 du Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments pour le traitement des troubles de l'humeur, des troubles anxieux et des troubles connexes périnatals
Vigod, S. N., Frey, B. N., Clark, C. T., Grigoriadis, S., Barker, L. C., Brown, H. K., Charlebois, J., Dennis, C., Fairbrother, N., Green, S. M., et al. (2025) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437241303031 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Impact of mobile health interventions during the perinatal period on maternal psychosocial outcomes: a systematic review
Dol, J., Richardson, B., Murphy, G. T., Aston, M., McMillan, D., & Campbell-Yeo, M. (2020) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-d-19-00191 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Perceived Stress in Postpartum Mexican Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown
Suárez-Rico, B. V., Estrada‐Gutiérrez, G., Sánchez-Martínez, M., Perichart‐Perera, O., Rodríguez-Hernández, C., González-Leyva, C. P., Osorio-Valencia, E., Cardona-Pérez, A., Helguera‐Repetto, A. C., y Sosa, S. E., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094627 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The effectiveness of telemedicine interventions, delivered exclusively during the postnatal period, on postpartum depression in mothers without history or existing mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hanach, N., de Vries, N., Radwan, H., & Bissani, N. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2020.102906 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Psychological risks to mother–infant bonding during the COVID-19 pandemic
Liu, C. H., Hyun, S., Mittal, L. P., & Erdei, C. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01751-9 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Relationship between perceived obstetric violence and the risk of postpartum depression: An observational study
Martínez‐Vázquez, S., Hernández‐Martínez, A., Rodríguez‐Almagro, J., Delgado‐Rodríguez, M., & Martínez‐Galiano, J. M. (2022) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2022.103297 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Intense connection and love: The experiences of autistic mothers
Dugdale, A.-S., Thompson, A. R., Leedham, A. T., Beail, N., & Freeth, M. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211005987 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rates of depressive and anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period during the COVID-19 pandemic: Comparisons between countries and with pre-pandemic data
Mateus, V., Cruz, S., Costa, R. A., Mesquita, A. R., Christoforou, A., Wilson, C. A., Vousoura, E., Dikmen‐Yildiz, P., Bina, R., Domínguez‐Salas, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.017 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Reducing Postpartum Weight Retention: A Review of the Implementation Challenges of Postpartum Lifestyle Interventions
Makama, M., Skouteris, H., Moran, L., & Lim, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091891 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Exercise During Pregnancy and Prenatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sánchez‐Polán, M., Álvarez, E. F., Silva-José, C., Ares, J. G., Pérez-Tejero, J., Barakat, R., & Refoyo, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.640024 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Postpartum depression and associated factors among postpartum women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2020
Tolossa, T., Fetensa, G., Yilma, M. T., Abadiga, M., Wakuma, B., Besho, M., Fekadu, G., & Etafa, W. (2020) · Public health reviews · doi:10.1186/s40985-020-00136-3 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
GABAAR Modulator for Postpartum Depression
Módy, I. (2019) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.12.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Health in Preconception, Pregnancy and Postpartum Global Alliance: International Network Preconception Research Priorities for the Prevention of Maternal Obesity and Related Pregnancy and Long-Term Complications
Hill, B., Skouteris, H., Teede, H. J., Bailey, C., Baxter, J.-A. B., Bergmeier, H. J., Borges, A. L. V., Harrison, C. L., Jack, B., Jorgensen, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8122119 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The relationship of childbirth experience with postpartum depression and anxiety: a cross-sectional study
Ahmadpour, P., Faroughi, F., & Mirghafourvand‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬, M. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01105-6 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“I Wanted to Be There as a Father, but I Couldn’t”: A Qualitative Study of Fathers’ Experiences of Postpartum Depression and Their Help-Seeking Behavior
Pedersen, S., Maindal, H. T., & Ryom, K. (2021) · American Journal of Men's Health · doi:10.1177/15579883211024375 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Obstetric Violence Implicated in the Development of Postpartum Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Systematic Review
Silva-Fernández, C. S., de la Calle, M., Arribas, S. M., Garrosa, E., & Ramiro‐Cortijo, D. (2023) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep13040130 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Association of Postpartum Depression with Maternal Suicide: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
Lee, Y.-L., Tien, Y., Bai, Y.-S., Lin, C.-K., Yin, C.-S., Chung, C.-H., Sun, C.-A., Huang, S.-H., Huang, Y.-C., Chien, W.-C., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095118 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Mental disorder in pregnancy and the early postpartum
Cantwell, R. (2021) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/anae.15424 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Machine learning in the prediction of postpartum depression: A review
Cellini, P., Pigoni, A., Delvecchio, G., Moltrasio, C., & Brambilla, P. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.093 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Postpartum depression and its association with intimate partner violence and inadequate social support in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Desta, M., Memiah, P. T. N., Kassie, B., Ketema, D. B., Amha, H., Getaneh, T., & Bitew, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.053 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Postpartum Perceived Stress Explains the Association between Perceived Social Support and Depressive Symptoms
Leonard, K. S., Evans, M. B., Kjerulff, K. H., & Downs, D. S. (2020) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2020.05.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mums on the Move: A pilot randomised controlled trial of a home-based physical activity intervention for mothers at risk of postnatal depression
Teychenne, M. J., Abbott, G., Stephens, L. D., Opie, R., Olander, E. K., Brennan, L., van der Pligt, P., Apostolopoulos, M., & Ball, K. (2020) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2020.102898 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Women's views and experiences of maternity care during COVID-19 in Ireland: A qualitative descriptive study
Panda, S., O’Malley, D., Barry, P., Vallejo, N., & Smith, V. A. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103092 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Depression and Anxiety in Mothers Who Were Pregnant During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Northern Italy: The Role of Pandemic-Related Emotional Stress and Perceived Social Support
Grumi, S., Provenzi, L., Accorsi, P., Biasucci, G., Cavallini, A. R., Decembrino, L., Falcone, R., Fazzi, E. M., Gardella, B., Giacchero, R., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.716488 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Character, Circumstances, and Criminal Careers
Wikström, P. H., Treiber, K., & Roman, G. (2024) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198865865.001.0001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Evaluation of a Technology-Based Peer-Support Intervention Program for Preventing Postnatal Depression (Part 2): Qualitative Study
Shorey, S., & Ng, E. D. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/12915 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
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Mental health-related telemedicine interventions for pregnant women and new mothers: a systematic literature review
Stentzel, U., Grabe, H. J., Schmidt, S., Tomczyk, S., van den Berg, N., & Beyer, A. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04790-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression and environmental factors: The IGEDEPP cohort
Tebeka, S., Strat, Y. L., de Prémorel, A., Benachi, A., Dommergues, M., Kayem, G., Lepercq, J. A., Luton, D., Mandelbrot, L., Ville, Y. G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Validated tools to identify common mental disorders in the perinatal period: A systematic review of systematic reviews
Smith, M. S., Cairns, L., Pullen, L., Opondo, C., Fellmeth, G. L., & Alderdice, F. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Adolescent perinatal mental health in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative evidence
Palfreyman, A., & Gazeley, U. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115413 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Diagnosis of peripartum depression disorder: A state-of-the-art approach from the COST Action Riseup-PPD
Radoš, S. N., Akik, B. K., Žutić, M., Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Uriko, K., Motrico, E., Moreno-Peral, P., Apter, G., & den Berg, M. P. L. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152456 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Influence of parity and infant age on maternal self‐efficacy, social support, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression in the first six months in the Maritime Provinces, Canada
Dol, J., Richardson, B., Grant, A. K., Aston, M. L., McMillan, D., Murphy, G. T., & Campbell-Yeo, M. L. (2021) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12553 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Maternal perinatal depression and child neurocognitive development: A relationship still to be clarified
Severo, M., Ventriglio, A., Bellomo, A., Iuso, S., & Petito, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1151897 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Prevalence of and factors associated with postnatal depression and anxiety among parents of preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Nguyen, C. T. T., Sandhi, A., Lee, G. T., Nguyen, L. T. K., & Kuo, S.-Y. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.015 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Good Practices in Perinatal Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Report from Task-Force RISEUP-PPD COVID-19
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Authors: Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S.
Affiliations: National University of Singapore (SG)
National University Hospital (SG)
Corresponding author: Shorey, Shefaly
ORCID: Shorey, Shefaly
Chee, Cornelia Yin Ing
Ng, Esperanza Debby
Chan, Yiong Huak
Tam, Wilson Wai San
Chong, Yap Seng
Venue: Journal of Psychiatric Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-09
Volume: 104
Pages: 235-248
ISSN: 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001
OpenAlex: W2885511794
Cited by: 1,055
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 127 · 2025: 160 · 2024: 181 · 2023: 175 · 2022: 166 · 2021: 136 · 2020: 76 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 4
FWCI: 11.06
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
Keywords: postpartum depression, prevalence, incidence, term infants, postpartum screening, diagnostic tools, regional variation, postpartum period
MeSH terms: Female, Humans, Mothers, Incidence, Prevalence, Databases, Factual, Depression, Postpartum

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Prevalence and incidence of postpartum depression among healthy mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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