The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on child’s mental development from two peri-urban communities of Karachi, Pakistan: a quasi-experimental study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Postpartum anxiety and depression has detrimental effects on the overall mental development of children. This study aims to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's mental development on all sub-scales in a Pakistani population. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two peri-urban communities of Karachi, a mega city of Pakistan, to assess the impact of postpartum anxiety and depression on children's growth and mental development. A total of 420 women were enrolled, who had given consent out of 651 pregnant women identified, during February 2004 to December 2005. Data for socio-demographic, home environment and family relationship variables were collected between 36 weeks of pregnancy and within 10 days of childbirth. Mother's levels of anxiety and depression were assessed at 1, 2, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months of childbirth. An indigenous, validated screening instrument- Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression scale was used and diagnostic confirmation was done through a psychologist's interview, based on DSM IV criteria. Children's growth and development was monitored in the same sequence using an Early Childhood Development tool that consists of five subscales; socio emotional, language, cognitive, gross motor and fine motor development. Physical growth was monitored by measuring height and weight of the child. Data was analyzed using SAS 9.2. Multivariable Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) logistic regression was conducted to identify association of postpartum anxiety and depression with each early childhood development indicator, adjusting for parental and child factors. RESULTS: A significant association of postpartum anxiety and depression with delayed development on all five subscales of children's mental development was found in our study. Interestingly, our study found that higher maternal age had adverse effects on child's emotional whereas positive impact on child's cognitive development. Children's stunting had an adverse impact on all five subscales of children's development. Male children were at higher risk for delayed language and gross motor development relative to female children. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that postpartum anxiety and depression is associated with adverse outcomes regarding children's mental development on all sub-scales. The impact was accentuated by low family income or child's increasing age.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“The third study,94 conducted in Pakistan, showed that a child’s language development was affected by maternal PPD only when the father’s income was high.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, many studies indicated significant and negative associations between maternal postpartum depressive symptoms and infant cognitive development,94,95,99,101,102,107,141,147 language development,94,102,105,116,117,131,132,139 infant behaviors,49,52,110,114,120,121,131,133 overall infant health concerns,48,104,119,122–124,135,136,138 and quality of sleep.104,108”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, the impact of maternal PPD on infant motor development seemed to be controversial: some studies94,95,97 demonstrated a clear effect of PPD on children’s gross and fine motor development, while other studies66,103,107 did not demonstrate this effect.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The third study94 showed a nonsignificant impact of maternal depression on the fine and gross motor development of children at 2 and 6 months that became significant at 12 months for gross motor development and at 18 months for fine motor development (Pakistan).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, the impact of maternal depression on delayed cognitive development of the child was approximately three-fold at the 6-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.1, 9.9)”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and approximately seven-fold at the 12-month follow-up (adjusted OR = 6.8, 95% CI = 3.0, 15.7).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Children of depressed mothers whose husband’s income was <3500 rupees/month had more than a five-fold risk of delayed language development relative to children whose mothers were not depressed and whose father’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month (adjusted OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.3, 12.4).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“At the 2-month follow-up, maternal depression showed no significant impact on children’s cognitive development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“There was a significant interaction between a mother’s depression and her husband’s income.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Among women whose husband’s income was ⩾3500 rupees/month, there was no significant impact of maternal depression on children’s language development.”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When other variables were adjusted in the model, maternal depression placed children at an approximately six-fold risk of delayed emotional development (adjusted OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 3.0, 11.9).”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Therefore, the prevalence of PPD varied among these studies, from 2.7% in a population of Pakistani mothers at 18 months postpartum94 to 68.8% in a population of Australian mothers at 4 months postpartum.64”
From Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-3338 · Cited by 35,305
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000) · doi:10.1002/0471722146 · Cited by 20,302
Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries
Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60032-4 · Cited by 3,630
Akaike's Information Criterion in Generalized Estimating Equations
Pan, W. (2001) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00120.x · Cited by 2,545
Handbook of infant development
Osofsky, J. D. (1979) · Cited by 2,263
The Impact of Postnatal Depression on Infant Development
Murray, L. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00890.x · Cited by 1,089
Handbook of Infant Development.
Lilleskov, R. K. (1983) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306518303100327 · Cited by 1,053
Grace, S. L., Evindar, A., & Stewart, D. E. (2003) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6 · Cited by 923
Maternal Correlates of Growth in Toddler Vocabulary Production in Low-Income Families
Pan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Singer, J. D., & Snow, C. E. (2005) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00498-i1 · Cited by 784
Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms
Halbreich, U., & Karkun, S. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051 · Cited by 776
Feldman, R., Granat, A., Pariente, C., Kanety, H., Kuint, J., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181b21651 · Cited by 747
Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Psychological Distress and Infant Development: A Systematic Review
Kingston, D. E., Tough, S., & Whitfield, H. (2012) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0291-4 · Cited by 673
The effects of postpartum depression on child development: A meta-analysis
Beck, C. T. (1998) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/s0883-9417(98)80004-6 · Cited by 558
Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C. L., Andersen, M. J., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.36.6.759 · Cited by 519
Pearlstein, T., Howard, M., Salisbury, A., & Zlotnick, C. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033 · Cited by 462
Intellectual Problems Shown by 11‐year‐old Children Whose Mothers Had Postnatal Depression
Hay, D. F., Pawlby, S. J., Sharp, D., Asten, P., Mills, A., & Kumar, R. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00784 · Cited by 435
Brennan, P. A., Hammen, C. L., Andersen, M. J., et al. (2000) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.6.759 · Cited by 403
RAHMAN, A., IQBAL, Z., & HARRINGTON, R. (2003) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291703008286 · Cited by 396
Patel, V. (2002) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/adc.88.1.34 · Cited by 347
Postpartum depression and mother–infant relationship at 3 months old
Righetti-Veltema, M., Conne-Perréard, É., Bousquet, A., & Manzano, J. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00367-6 · Cited by 309
Poobalan, A. S., Aucott, L. S., Ross, L., Smith, W. C. S., Helms, P. J., & Williams, J. H. G. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.032789 · Cited by 238
Effects of postnatal depression on children's adjustment to school
Sinclair, D., & Murray, L. (1998) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.172.1.58 · Cited by 238
Correlated Data Analysis: Modeling, Analytics, and Applications
Song, P. X. ‐. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71393-9 · Cited by 227
McLearn, K. T., Minkovitz, C. S., Strobino, D. M., Marks, E., & Hou, W. (2006) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2005-1551 · Cited by 223
Prevalence and social correlates of postnatal depression in a low income country
Husain, N., Bevc, I., Husain, M. O., Chaudhry, I. B., Atif, N., & Rahman, A. (2006) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-006-0129-9 · Cited by 198
Rahman, A., & Creed, F. H. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.004 · Cited by 195
Mental health of parents caring for infants
Murray, L., Cooper, P., & Hipwell, A. E. (2003) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0007-7 · Cited by 182
Cornish, A. M., McMahon, C. A., Ungerer, J. A., Barnett, B., Kowalenko, N., & Tennant, C. (2005) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2005.03.004 · Cited by 180
The impact of maternal post‐partum depression on the language development of children at 12 months
Quevedo, L. A., Silva, R. A., Godoy, R., Jansen, K., Matos, M. B., Tavares Pinheiro, K. A., & Pinheiro, R. T. (2012) · Child: Care, Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2011.01251.x · Cited by 171
Depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi mothers: implications for infant development
Black, M. M., Baqui, A. H., Zaman, K., McNary, S. W., Le, K., Arifeen, S. E., Hamadani, J. D., Parveen, M., Yunus, M., & Black, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01752.x · Cited by 169
Effects of Postnatal Depression on Mother–Infant Interactions and Child Development
Murray, L., Halligan, S. L., & Cooper, P. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444327588.ch8 · Cited by 156
Postnatal depression and child outcome at 11 years: The importance of accurate diagnosis
Pawlby, S. J., Sharp, D., Hay, D. F., & O’Keane, V. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.002 · Cited by 133
Maternal Depressive Symptoms Affect Infant Cognitive Development in Barbados
Galler, J. R., Harrison, R. H., Ramsey, F., Forde, V., & Butler, S. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00662 · Cited by 132
Sutter-Dallay, A.-L., Murray, L., Dequae-Merchadou, L., Glatigny-Dallay, E., Bourgeois, M.-L., & Verdoux, H. (2011) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.05.004 · Cited by 129
Depressive symptoms among rural Bangladeshi mothers: implications for infant development
Black, M. M., Baqui, A. H., Zaman, K., McNary, S. W., Le, K., Arifeen, S. E., Hamadani, J. D., Parveen, M., Yunus, M., & Black, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.1752.x · Cited by 125
Ali, B. S., Rahbar, M. H., Naeem, S., Gul, A., Mubeen, S., & Iqbal, A. (2003) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2003.57.3.324 · Cited by 120
Self-citationWesterlund, M., & Lagerberg, D. (2008) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00801.x · Cited by 115
Growth of infant communication between 8 and 12 months: A population study
Reilly, S., Eadie, P. A., Bavin, E. L., Wake, M. A., Prior, M. R., Williams, J. W., Bretherton, L., Barrett, Y., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2006) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00974.x · Cited by 114
Ali, N. S., Ali, B. S., & Azam, I. S. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-384 · Cited by 89
Self-citationAli, B. S., Rahbar, M. H., Naeem, S., Tareen, A. L., Gul, A., & Samad, L. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 89
Self-citationIdentifying Postpartum Depression: Are 3 Questions as Good as 10?
Kabir, K., Sheeder, J. L., & Kelly, L. S. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1759 · Cited by 76
Giakoumaki, O., Vasilaki, K., Lili, L., Skouroliakou, M., & Liosis, G. (2009) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/01674820802604839 · Cited by 70
Ali, B. S., Reza, H., Khan, M. M., & Jehan, I. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 68
Self-citationHadley, C., Tegegn, A., Tessema, F., Asefa, M., & Galea, S. (2008) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014460802043624 · Cited by 67
Assessing the social behavior of infants: Use of the ADBB Scale and relationship to mother's mood
Matthey, S., Guédeney, A., Starakis, N., & Barnett, B. E. W. (2005) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.20061 · Cited by 61
Ali, N. S., Ali, B. S., Azam, I. S., & Khuwaja, A. K. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-57 · Cited by 36
Self-citationBahadırlı, A., & Amanullah, S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Karmaliani, R., Bann, C., Pirani, F., Akhtar, S., Bender, R. H., Goldenberg, R. L., & Moss, N. (2007) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399330701334562 · Cited by 20
Views about women's mental health: study in a squatter settlement of Karachi.
Rabbani, F. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 16
Gul, A. N. A., & Ali, B. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 14
Self-citationAlbertsson‐Karlgren, U., Bohlin, G., Hageküll, B., & Nettelbladt, P. (2000) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/080394800448093 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Kalyani GHS, Saeed K, Rehman IU, Mubbashir MH: Incidence of depressive illness in Pakistani women during postnatal period. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2001, 11 (4): 246-248.
- M.Quraishy A, Sultana K, Riaz Z: Postpartum depression: liaquat national hospital experience. Medical Channel. 2005, 11 (1): 30-32.
- Hamirani MM, Sultana A, Ibrahim Z, Sultana S, Humera : Post natal depression at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hosp Karachi Med Dent Coll. 2004, 9 (1): 517-520.
- Ali BS: Validation of an indigenous screening questionnaire for anxiety and depression in an urban squatter settlement of Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 1998, 8: 207-211.
- Care for development Appraisal tool for Assessing and Monitoring Child Development-First Three Years: http://www.arnec.net/ntuc/slot/u2323/conference/presentations/Ghazala%20-%20Sanober%20ARNEC%20workshop%20-%20FINAL.pdf , Manual-ISBN: 978-969-8073-20-3,
- Khan SK, Ali BS, Zaman RM: Counseling skills for community women: A training guide. 2003, Aga Khan University, [unpublished work], 969-8073-03-X 2004
- Gul A, Ali BS: The onset and benefit from counseling by minimally trained counselors on anxiety and depression in women. J Pak Med Assoc. 2004, 54 (11): 549-552.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J.-Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019) · Women's Health · doi:10.1177/1745506519844044 · Cited by 1,496
Gelaye, B., Rondon, M. B., Araya, R., & Williams, M. A. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30284-x · Cited by 1,155
Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Chan, Y. H., Tam, W. W. S., & Chong, Y. S. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.08.001 · Cited by 1,055
Poverty and disability in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review
Banks, L. M., Kuper, H., & Polack, S. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189996 · Cited by 613
Postnatal anxiety prevalence, predictors and effects on development: A narrative review
Field, T. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.02.005 · Cited by 333
Metadata
- Authors
- Ali, N. S., Mahmud, S., Khan, A., & Ali, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Aga Khan University (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ali, Niloufer Sultan
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2013-10-22
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 274-274
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3819469
- OpenAlex
- W2130703322
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 7.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Keywords
- postpartum anxiety, postpartum depression, child psychological development, early childhood development, child growth, stunting, social-emotional development, language development, cognitive development, gross motor development, fine motor development, maternal age, sex differences, household income, Karachi
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Child, Child Development, Developmental Disabilities, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Emotions, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Development, Male, Mothers, Pakistan, Poverty, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Urban Population, Depression, Postpartum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
