Gender differences in the association between adiposity and probable major depression: a cross-sectional study of 140,564 UK Biobank participants
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the association between adiposity and mood disorder have produced contradictory results, and few have used measurements other than body mass index (BMI). We examined the association between probable major depression and several measurements of adiposity: BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BF%). METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study using baseline data on the sub-group of UK Biobank participants who were assessed for mood disorder. Multivariate logistic regression models were used, adjusting for potential confounders including: demographic and life-style factors, comorbidity and psychotropic medication. RESULTS: Of the 140,564 eligible participants, evidence of probable major depression was reported by 30,145 (21.5%). The fully adjusted odds ratios (OR) for obese participants were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12, 1.20) using BMI, 1.15 (95% CI 1.11, 1.19) using WC, 1.09 (95% CI 1.05, 1.13) using WHR and 1.18 (95% CI 1.12, 1.25) using BF% (all p < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between adiposity and gender (p = 0.001). Overweight women were at increased risk of depression with a dose response relationship across the overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), obese I (30.0-34.9 kg/m2), II (35.0-39.9 kg/m2) and III (≥40.0 kg/m2) categories; fully adjusted ORs 1.14, 1.20, 1.29 and 1.48, respectively (all p < 0.001). In contrast, only obese III men had significantly increased risk of depression (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.08, 1.54, p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: Adiposity was associated with probable major depression, irrespective of the measurement used. The association was stronger in women than men. Physicians managing overweight and obese women should be alert to this increased risk.
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Adiposity serves as a better predictor of depression than body weight in women than in men.
“Adiposity serves as a better predictor of depression than body weight in women than in men [149].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [149]
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- Authors
- Ul-Haq, Z., Smith, D. J., Nicholl, B. I., Cullen, B., Martin, D., Gill, J. M., Evans, J., Roberts, B., Deary, I. J., Gallacher, J., Hotopf, M., Craddock, N., Mackay, D. F., & Pell, J. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pell, Jill P
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2014-05-26
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 153-153
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4050096
- OpenAlex
- W2097825531
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (093707)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- British Heart Foundation
- Northwest Regional Development Agency
- Medical Research Council (MR/K026992/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, adiposity, obesity, overweight, sex differences, body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, mood disorders, women's mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, Comorbidity, Body Mass Index, Logistic Models, Biological Specimen Banks, Waist-Hip Ratio, Adiposity, Waist Circumference
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