The economic burden of depression and the cost-effectiveness of treatment
Open accessAbstract
Cost‐of‐illness research has shown that depression is associated with an enormous economic burden, in the order of tens of billions of dollars each year in the US alone. The largest component of this economic burden derives from lost work productivity due to depression. A large body of literature indicates that the causes of the economic burden of depression, including impaired work performance, would respond both to improvement in depressive symptomatology and to standard treatments for depression. Despite this, the economic burden of depression persists, partly because of the widespread underuse and poor quality use of otherwise efficacious and tolerable depression treatments. Recent effectiveness studies conducted in primary care have shown that a variety of models, which enhance care of depression through aggressive outreach and improved quality of treatments, are highly effective in clinical terms and in some cases on work performance outcomes as well. Economic analyses accompanying these effectiveness studies have also shown that these quality improvement interventions are cost efficient. Unfortunately, widespread uptake of these enhanced treatment programmes for depression has not occurred in primary care due to barriers at the level of primary care physicians, healthcare systems, and purchasers of healthcare. Further research is needed to overcome these barriers to providing high‐quality care for depression and to ultimately reduce the enormous adverse economic impact of depression disorders. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Among people occupying social and productive roles, major depressive disorder predicts substantial declines in role functioning, including poorer marital quality, lower work performance, and lower earnings.
“Among people with specific social and productive roles, MDD is found to predict significant decrements in role functioning (e.g., low marital quality, low work performance, low earnings).”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [66]
Major depressive episode and major depressive disorder significantly predict overall lost work performance, with annual salary-equivalent human capital value estimates between $30.1 billion and $51.5 billion.
“All these studies found that MDE and MDD significantly predict overall lost work performance. Several studies attempted to estimate the annual salary-equivalent human capital value of these losses. These estimates were in the range $30.1 billion66 to $51.5 billion.64”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [66]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
Scoville, W. B. (1949) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1949.6.1.0065 · Cited by 7,373 · see citing works
(1996) · Cited by 6,884 · see citing works
The Sickness Impact Profile: Development and Final Revision of a Health Status Measure
Bergner, M., Bobbitt, R. A., Carter, W. B., & Gilson, B. S. (1981) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198108000-00001 · Cited by 4,619 · see citing works
McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., Rachel Lu, J. F., & Sherbourne, C. D. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199401000-00004 · Cited by 4,458 · see citing works
The functioning and well-being of depressed patients. Results from the Medical Outcomes Study
Wells, K. B. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.262.7.914 · Cited by 2,826 · see citing works
The Functioning and Well-being of Depressed Patients: Results From the Medical Outcomes Study
Wells, K. B. (1989) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03430070062031 · Cited by 2,130 · cited 3× · see citing works
“A large body of literature has documented that depression imposes a substantial burden on society (Zeiss and Lewinsohn, 1988; Wells et al., 1989; Broadhead et al., 1990; Rohde et al., 1990; Coryell et al., 1993; Tweed, 1993).”
BackgroundThe de Facto US Mental and Addictive Disorders Service System
Regier, D. A. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820140007001 · Cited by 1,988 · see citing works
Collaborative management to achieve treatment guidelines. Impact on depression in primary care
Katon, W. J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.273.13.1026 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Gelenberg, A. J., Freeman, P. B., Markowitz, J. C., Rosenbaum, J. F., Thase, M. E., Trivedi, M. H., & Rhoads, R. S. (2010) · Cited by 1,372 · see citing works
Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.1026 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression, Disability Days, and Days Lost From Work in a Prospective Epidemiologic Survey
Broadhead, W. E. (1990) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03450190056028 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
The quality of care for depressive and anxiety disorders in the United States
Young, A. S., Klap, R., Sherbourne, C. D., & Wells, K. B. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.1.55 · Cited by 1,061 · see citing works
Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress
Sagduyu, K. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1251-a · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Wells, K. B., Sherbourne, C., Schoenbaum, M., Duan, N., Meredith, L., Unützer, J., Miranda, J., Carney, M. F., & Rubenstein, L. V. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.2.212 · Cited by 1,021 · see citing works
Greenberg, P. E., Stiglin, L. E., Finkelstein, S. N., & Berndt, E. R. (1994) · PharmacoResources · doi:10.1007/bf03289581 · Cited by 974 · see citing works
A Multifaceted Intervention to Improve Treatment of Depression in Primary Care
Katon, W. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830100072009 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Hays, R. D. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950130011002 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
National Trends in the Outpatient Treatment of Depression
Olfson, M. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.2.203 · Cited by 834 · see citing works
Revised Prevalence Estimates of Mental Disorders in the United States
Narrow, W. E., Rae, D. S., Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.2.115 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness.
(2001) · PubMed Central · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Self-citationThe impact of psychiatric disorders on work loss days
Kessler, R. C., & Frank, R. G. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291797004807 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Self-citationOrmel, E. A. J. (1995) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e536912011-072 · Cited by 706 · see citing works
Katon, W., Korff, M. V., Lin, E., Simon, G., Walker, E., Unützer, J., Bush, T., Russo, J., & Ludman, E. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1109 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, P. S., Berglund, P., & Kessler, R. C. (2000) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.9908044.x · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Self-citationThe enduring psychosocial consequences of mania and depression
Coryell, W. H., Scheftner, W. A., Keller, M. B., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., & Klerman, G. L. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.5.720 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Adequacy of Treatment for Serious Mental Illness in the United States
Wang, P. S., Demler, O., & Kessler, R. C. (2002) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.92.1.92 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatments of Depression and the Functional Capacity to Work
Mintz, J. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100005001 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Social adjustment by self-report in a community sample and in psychiatric outpatients
WEISSMAN, M. M., PRUSOFF, B. A., THOMPSON, W. D., HARDING, P. S., & MYERS, J. K. (1978) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197805000-00002 · Cited by 537 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Other recent uncontrolled clinical studies (Weissman et al., 1978; Bergner et al., 1981; Kocsis et al., 1988; McHorney et al., 1994; Barge-Schaapveld et al., 1995; Friedman et al., 1995; Finkelstein et al., 1996; Mauskopf et al., 1996; Berndt et al., 1998) have also generally reported significant…”
BackgroundResultDisability and Depression Among High Utilizers of Health Care: A Longitudinal Analysis
Von Korff, M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820020011002 · Cited by 523 · cited 5× · see citing works
“However, economic analyses of the primary care effectiveness studies reviewed above consistently failed to show that interventions were the ‘dominant’ strategy (while interventions led to greater effectiveness than usual care, they also led to generally higher overall costs) (Katon et al., 1995, 1996; Schulberg et al.…”
BackgroundInfluentialSimon, G. E. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7234.550 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationMynors‐Wallis, L., Gath, D. H., Lloyd-Thomas, A. R., & Tomlinson, D. (1995) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.310.6977.441 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
The economic burden of depression
Stoudemire, A., Frank, R. W., Hedemark, N., Kamlet, M. S., & Blazer, D. G. (1986) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(86)90018-6 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
The effects of chronic medical conditions on work loss and work cutback
Kessler, R. C., Greenberg, P. E., Mickelson, K. D., Meneades, L. M., & Wang, P. S. (2001) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-200103000-00009 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationHunkeler, E. M. (2000) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.9.8.700 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Treating Major Depression in Primary Care Practice
Schulberg, H. C. (1996) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830100061008 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Depression In The Workplace: Effects On Short-Term Disability
Kessler, R. C., Barber, C. W., Birnbaum, H. G., Frank, R. G., Greenberg, P. E., Rose, R. M., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. (1999) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.18.5.163 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Self-citationRecognition, Management, and Course of Anxiety and Depression in General Practice
Ormel, J. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320024004 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Randomized Trial of a Depression Management Program in High Utilizers of Medical Care
Katzelnick, D. J. (2000) · Archives of Family Medicine · doi:10.1001/archfami.9.4.345 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of Practice-Initiated Quality Improvement for Depression
Schoenbaum, M., Unützer, J., Sherbourne, C. D., Duan, N., Rubenstein, L. V., Miranda, J. M., Meredith, L. S., Carney, M. F., & Wells, K. B. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.286.11.1325 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Simon, G. E., Katon, W. J., VonKorff, M., Unützer, J., Lin, E. H. B., Walker, E. A., Bush, T. M., Rutter, C. M., & Ludman, E. J. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1638 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Self-citationCost-effectiveness of Treatments for Major Depression in Primary Care Practice
Lave, J. R., Frank, R. G., Schulberg, H. C., & Kamlet, M. S. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.645 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Ormel, J., van den Brink, W., Koeter, M. W. J., Giel, R., van der Meer, K., van de Willige, G., & Wilmink, F. W. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700036606 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Klinkman, M. (1997) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(96)00145-4 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Treatment Costs, Cost Offset, and Cost-Effectiveness of Collaborative Management of Depression
Korff, M. V., Katon, W. J., Bush, T. M., Lin, E. H. B., Simon, G. E., Saunders, K. W., Ludman, E. J., Walker, E. A., & Unützer, J. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199803000-00005 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment Received by Depressed Patients
Keller, M. B. (1982) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1982.03330150034019 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Depression, anxiety, and social disability show synchrony of change in primary care patients.
Ormel, J., Korff, M. V., van den Brink, W., Katon, W. J., Brilman, E. I., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (1993) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.83.3.385 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Rohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.99.3.264 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Low Levels and Lack of Predictors of Somatotherapy and Psychotherapy Received by Depressed Patients
Keller, M. B. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800050064007 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Estimates of economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness, 1985 and 1988.
Rice, D. P., Kelman, S., & Miller, L. S. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Treating Depressed Primary Care Patients Improves Their Physical, Mental, and Social Functioning
Coulehan, J. L. (1997) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.00440310079008 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Wells, K. B., Katon, W. J., Rogers, B., & Camp, P. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.5.694 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
The Course, Morbidity, and Costs of Depression
Klerman, G. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100075013 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Workplace performance effects from chronic depression and its treatment
Berndt, E. R., Finkelstein, S. N., Greenberg, P. E., Howland, R. H., Keith, A., Rush, A. J., Russell, J. D., & Keller, M. B. (1998) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(97)00043-x · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Cost-effectiveness of Systematic Depression Treatment for High Utilizers of General Medical Care
Simon, G. E., Manning, W. G., Katzelnick, D. J., Pearson, S. D., Henk, H. J., & Helstad, C. P. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.2.181 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationRohde, P., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1990) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.99.3.264 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Will Social Phobia Subjects Answer the Telephone?
KESSLER, M. N. (1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.4.653-a · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Occupations and the Prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder
Eaton, W. W., Anthony, J. C., Mandell, W., & Garrison, R. (1990) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199011000-00006 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
The Accuracy of Self-Reported Disability Days
Revicki, D. A., IRWIN, D., Reblando, J. A., & SIMON, G. E. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199404000-00008 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial adjustment in dysthymia, double depression and episodic major depression
Leader, J. B., & Klein, D. N. (1996) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00076-3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Emotional disability days: prevalence and predictors.
Kouzis, A. C., & Eaton, W. W. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.8.1304 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Enduring deficits after remissions of depression: A test of the scar hypothesis
Zeiss, A. M., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (1988) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(88)90114-3 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Impact of improved depression treatment in primary care on daily functioning and disability
Simon, G. E., Katon, W. J., Rutter, C. M., VonKorff, M., Lin, E. H. B., ROBINSON, P., Bush, T. M., Walker, E. A., Ludman, E. J., & Russo, J. E. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798006588 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationKocsis, J. H., Zisook, S., Davidson, J. R. T., Shelton, R. C., Yonkers, K. A., Hellerstein, D. J., Rosenbaum, J., & Halbreich, U. M. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.3.390 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Crofton, C., Lubalin, J. S., & Darby, C. (1999) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199903001-00001 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
ROST, K. M., Nutting, P. A., Smith, J. L., & Werner, J. J. (2000) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0163-8343(00)00059-1 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Subclinical depression and performance at work
Martin, J. K., Blum, T. C., Beach, S. R. H., & Roman, P. M. (1996) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00789116 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Changes in daily life experience associated with clinical improvement in depression
Barge-Schaapveld, D. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00012-c · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Recurrent depression: an assessment of family burden and family attitudes.
Jacob, M., Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., & Carpenter, L. L. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Imipramine and social-vocational adjustment in chronic depression
Kocsis, J. H., Frances, A. J., Voss, C. B., Mason, B. J., Mann, J. J., & Sweeney, J. A. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.8.997 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
MORGADO, A., Smith, M. M., Lecrubier, Y., & Widlöcher, D. (1991) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199110000-00005 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Depression, use of medical services and cost-offset effects
Simon, G. E., & Katzelnick, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(96)00367-4 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression-related impairment: estimating concurrent and lingering effects
Tweed, D. L. (1993) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700028476 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Williams, J. W. (1998) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00032.x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors : advances in basic research and clinical practice
Feighner, J. P., & Boyer, W. F. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Agosti, V., Stewart, J. W., & Quitkin, F. M. (1991) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90033-o · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Comorbid anxious signs and symptoms in major depression
Tollefson, G. D., Souêtre, E., Thomander, L., & Potvin, J. H. (1993) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-199300840-00013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Finkelstein, S. N., Berndt, E. R., Greenberg, P., Ra, P., Jm, R., & Mb, K. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life and activity limitation--eight states, 1995.
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Acute response of social functioning in dysthymic patients with desipramine
Friedman, R. C. (1995) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(95)00003-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tranquilizer use and well-being: A longitudinal study of social and psychological effects
Caplan, R. D., Abbey, A., Abramis, D. J., Andrews, F. M., Conway, T. L., & French, J. R. P. (1984) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Functional Status in Depressed Patients
Mauskopf, J., Simeon, G., Miles, M. A., WESTLUND, R. E., & Davidson, J. R. T. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v57n1207 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kocsis, J. H., & FRANCES, A. J. (1988) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.145.9.1186-a · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Raskin, A. (1985) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/023294 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 87 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. Depression in Primary Care, Vol. 2. Treatment of Major Depression. Rockville MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, 1993.
- Sartorius N, Ustun TB. Mental Illness in Primary Care: An International Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
- Simon GE, Katon W, Rutter C, et al. Impact of improved depression treatment in primary care on daily functioning and disability. Psychol Med 1998b; 28: 693-701.
- Wells KB, Sturm R, Sherbourne CD, et al. Caring for Depression. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.629 · Cited by 2,695 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders, 1990 to 2003
Kessler, R. C., Demler, O., Frank, R. G., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Walters, E. E., Wang, P., Wells, K. B., & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsa043266 · Cited by 1,910 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression.
Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3027 · Cited by 1,718 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2487 · Cited by 1,071 · see citing works
Self-citationKessler, R. C. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.11.005 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Self-citationKessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., Birnbaum, H., Greenberg, P., .A, R. M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. S. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.9.1561 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Self-citationSaeb, S., Zhang, M., Karr, C. J., Schueller, S. M., Corden, M. E., Kording, K. P., & Mohr, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4273 · Cited by 782 · see citing works
Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Disorders
MacKenzie, T. D., Kolpak, S. J., & Mehler, P. S. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc051936 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Prevalence and clinical course of depression: a review
Richards, D. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.004 · Cited by 623 · see citing works
Functional Biomarkers of Depression: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Pathophysiology
Schmidt, H. D., Shelton, R. C., & Duman, R. S. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.151 · Cited by 477 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationMerikangas, K. R., Ames, M., Cui, L., Stang, P. E., Ustun, T. B., Von Korff, M., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.10.1180 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, P. S., Simon, G. E., Avorn, J., Azocar, F., Ludman, E. J., McCulloch, J., Petukhova, M. Z., & Kessler, R. C. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1401 · Cited by 408 · see citing works
Self-citationMeyer, B., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Beevers, C. G., Andersson, G., & Weiss, M. (2009) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.1151 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Berger, T., Hämmerli, K., Gubser, N., Andersson, G., & Caspar, F. (2011) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.616531 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Eisenberg, D., Hunt, J., & Speer, N. (2012) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2012.712839 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience
Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Changing Profiles of Service Sectors Used for Mental Health Care in the United States
Wang, P., Demler, O., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.7.1187 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental dyslexia: emotional impact and consequences
Livingston, E. M., Siegel, L. S., & Ribary, U. (2018) · Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties · doi:10.1080/19404158.2018.1479975 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Psychiatry & the psychedelic drugs. Past, present & future
Rucker, J. J. H., Iliff, J., & Nutt, D. J. (2018) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression
Marroquín, B. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.005 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Porcelli, S., Fabbri, C., & Serretti, A. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.10.003 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Proudfoot, J., Clarke, J., Birch, M.-R., Whitton, A. E., Parker, G., Manicavasagar, V., Harrison, V., Christensen, H., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-312 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P. A., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening for Depression in Adult Patients in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Evidence Review
O’Connor, E., Whitlock, E. P., Beil, T. L., & Gaynes, B. N. (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-11-200912010-00007 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048674.2011.621060 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Cruwys, T., Haslam, S. A., Dingle, G. A., Jetten, J., Hornsey, M. J., Chong, E. M. D., & Oei, T. P. S. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.019 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Effects of Major Depression on Moment-in-Time Work Performance
Wang, P. S., Beck, A. L., Berglund, P., McKenas, D. K., Pronk, N. P., Simon, G. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1885 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationHedman, E., Ljótsson, B., Kaldo, V., Hesser, H., El Alaoui, S., Kraepelien, M., Andersson, E., Rück, C., Svanborg, C., Andersson, G., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.023 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
McTernan, W. P., Dollard, M. F., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2013) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2013.846948 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Donohue, J. M., & Pincus, H. A. (2007) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200725010-00003 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Worksite mental health interventions: a systematic review of economic evaluations
Reenen, H. H. H.-V., Proper, K. I., & van den Berg, M. (2012) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2012-100668 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Morris, R. R., Schueller, S. M., & Picard, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4167 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Striegel Weissman, R., & Rosselli, F. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.09.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., Birnbaum, H., Greenberg, P., .A, R. M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. S. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.9.1561 · Cited by 868 · see citing works
Self-citationRuwaard, J., Schrieken, B., Schrijver, M., Broeksteeg, J., Dekker, J., Vermeulen, H., & Lange, A. (2009) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506070802408086 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Repeated Job Strain and the Risk of Depression: Longitudinal Analyses From the Whitehall II Study
Stansfeld, S. A., Shipley, M. J., Head, J. A., & Fuhrer, R. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300589 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Missing clinical and behavioral health data in a large electronic health record (EHR) system
Madden, J. M., Lakoma, M. D., Rusinak, D., Lu, C. Y., & Soumerai, S. B. (2016) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw021 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
The P2X7 Receptor: Central Hub of Brain Diseases
Andrejew, R., Oliveira-Giacomelli, Á., Ribeiro, D. E., Glaser, T., Arnaud-Sampaio, V. F., Lameu, C., & Ulrich, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2020.00124 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Duman, C. H. (2010) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82001-1 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Knekt, P., Lindfors, O., Laaksonen, M. A., Raitasalo, R., Haaramo, P., & Järvikoski, A. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.005 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Rapid-Acting Antidepressants Ketamine and Scopolamine
Wohleb, E. S., Gerhard, D. M., Thomas, A., & Duman, R. S. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160309114549 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Paganini, S., Teigelkötter, W., Buntrock, C., & Baumeister, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.07.018 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Preparing the ethical future of deep brain stimulation.
Bell, E., Mathieu, G., & Racine, E. (2009) · Surgical Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.surneu.2009.03.029 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Wiles, N. J., Thomas, L., Turner, N., Garfield, K., Kounali, D., Campbell, J., Kessler, D., Kuyken, W., Lewis, G., Morrison, J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00495-2 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Does Physical Activity Impact on Presenteeism and Other Indicators of Workplace Well-Being?
Brown, H. E., Gilson, N. D., Burton, N. W., & Brown, W. J. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11539180-000000000-00000 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Non-pharmacological treatment of depression: a systematic review and evidence map
Farah, W. H., Alsawas, M., Mainou, M., Alahdab, F., Farah, M. H., Ahmed, A. T., Mohamed, E. A., Almasri, J., Gionfriddo, M. R., Castaneda-Guarderas, A., et al. (2016) · Evidence Based Medicine · doi:10.1136/ebmed-2016-110522 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Web-Based Mindfulness Interventions for Mental Health Treatment: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones, J., Santesteban-Echarri, O., Pryor, I., McGorry, P., & Alvarez-Jimenez, M. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10278 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Reavley, N. J., Morgan, A. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2013) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867413491157 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
P2X7 Receptor Signaling in Stress and Depression
Ribeiro, D. E., Roncalho, A. L., Glaser, T., Ulrich, H., Wegener, G., & Joca, S. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20112778 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The association of major depressive episodes with income inequality and the human development index.
Cifuentes, M., Sembajwe, G. N., Tak, S., Gore, R., Kriebel, D., & Punnett, L. (2008) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.04.003 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Kuang, J., Xin, Z., Fang, J., Song, R., Yang, Y., Song, P., Wang, Y., & Wang, J. (2023) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2023.104980 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Dual Role of Autophagy in Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Bar-Yosef, T., Damri, O., & Agam, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00196 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses: prevalence and the associated factors
Gao, Y., Pan, B., Sun, W., Wu, H. L., Wang, J.-N., & Wang, L. (2011) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05832.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Cieza, A., Chatterji, S., Andersen, C., Cantista, P., Herceg, M., Melvin, J. L., Stucki, G., & de Bie, R. A. (2004) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1080/16501960410016055 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The Costs and Benefits of Enhanced Depression Care to Employers
Wang, P. S., Patrick, A. R., Avorn, J., Azocar, F., Ludman, E. J., McCulloch, J., Simon, G. E., & Kessler, R. C. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.12.1345 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationSatyanarayana, S., Enns, M. W., Cox, B. J., & Sareen, J. (2009) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370905400606 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Wolf, N. J., & Hopko, D. R. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Byun, S., Kim, A. Y., Jang, E. H., Kim, S., Choi, K. W., Yu, H. Y., & Jeon, H. J. (2019) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2019.103381 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Detecting depression stigma on social media: A linguistic analysis
Li, A., Jiao, D., & Zhu, T. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.087 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Trivedi, M. H., Corey‐Lisle, P. K., Guo, Z., Lennox, R. D., Pikalov, A., & Kim, E. (2009) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0b013e3283277614 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Determinants of help-seeking behavior in depression: a cross-sectional study
Boerema, A. M., Kleiboer, A., Beekman, A. T. F., van Zoonen, K., Dijkshoorn, H., & Cuijpers, P. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0790-0 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The governmentalization of living: calculating global health
Wahlberg, A., & Rose, N. (2015) · Economy and Society · doi:10.1080/03085147.2014.983830 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Health Service Utilization and Costs of Depressive Symptoms in Late Life - A Systematic Review
Luppa, M., Sikorski, C., Motzek, T., Konnopka, A., Konig, H.-H., & G. Riedel-Heller, S. (2012) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/138161212803523572 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Wedegaertner, F., Arnhold-Kerri, S., Sittaro, N.-A., Bleich, S., Geyer, S., & Lee, W. E. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-145 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Brinker, J., & Cheruvu, V. K. (2016) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2016.11.018 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Shin, C., Ko, Y.-H., An, H., Yoon, H.-K., & Han, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02613-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Hao, J., Wu, D., Liu, L., Li, X., & Wu, H. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120606682 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Jesse, D. E., Dolbier, C. L., & Blanchard, A. (2008) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840701748664 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
The prevalence and correlates of workplace depression in the national comorbidity survey replication
Kessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2008) · Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31816ba9b8 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, J., Sun, W., Chi, T., Wu, H. L., & Wang, L. (2010) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-010-0508-4 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Tomeno, W., Kawashima, K., Yoneda, M., Saito, S., Ogawa, Y., Honda, Y., Kessoku, T., Imajo, K., Mawatari, H., Fujita, K., et al. (2015) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12897 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Religious practices, beliefs, and mental health: variations across ethnicity
Sternthal, M. J., Williams, D. R., Musick, M. A., & Buck, A. C. (2012) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2012.655264 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Tailoring positive psychology interventions to treat depressed individuals.
Sin, N. L., Porta, M. D. D., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011) · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder
Connolly, K. R., & Thase, M. E. (2012) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728214.2012.660146 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Impact of common mental disorders on sickness absence in an occupational cohort study
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., & Head, J. A. (2010) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2010.056994 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Biological rhythms and chronotherapeutics in depression
Geoffroy, P. A., & Palagini, L. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110158 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Molecular network of neuronal autophagy in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression
Jia, J., & Le, W. (2015) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-015-1548-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Henken, T., Huibers, M. J. H., Churchill, R. C., Restifo, K., & Roelofs, J. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006728 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Yao, Z., Fu, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, W., Yu, Y., Zhang, Z., Wu, X., Wang, Y., & Hu, B. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-0003-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Mental health and the workplace: issues for developing countries
Chopra, P. (2009) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/1752-4458-3-4 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Automatic detection of major depressive disorder using electrodermal activity
Kim, A. Y., Jang, E. H., Kim, S., Choi, K. W., Jeon, H. J., Yu, H. Y., & Byun, S. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35147-3 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Family Functioning and Depression in Low‐Income Latino Couples
Sarmiento, I. A., & Cardemil, E. V. (2009) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2009.00139.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Paradoxical Anxiogenic Response of Juvenile Mice to Fluoxetine
Oh, J.-E., Zupan, B., Gross, S. S., & Tóth, M. (2009) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.47 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Wong, S. Y. S., Mercer, S. W., Woo, J., & Leung, J. C. S. (2008) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-119 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Modeling the Impact of Enhanced Depression Treatment on Workplace Functioning and Costs
Sasso, A. T. L., ROST, K. M., & Beck, A. L. (2006) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000204049.30620.1e · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The association of worker productivity and mental health: a review of the literature
Burton, W. N., Schultz, A. B., Chen, C., & Edington, D. W. (2008) · International Journal of Workplace Health Management · doi:10.1108/17538350810893883 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Comparison of the Effects of Mirtazapine and Fluoxetine in Severely Depressed Patients
Versiani, M., Moreno, R. A., van Moorsel, C. J. A., Schutte, A. J., & Study, C. E. O. A. (2005) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200519020-00004 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Boggs, J. M., Beck, A., Felder, J. N., Dimidjian, S., Metcalf, C. A., & Segal, Z. V. (2014) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.3129 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Grochtdreis, T., Brettschneider, C., Wegener, A., Watzke, B., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Härter, M. C., & König, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123078 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Pharmacological interventions for treatment-resistant depression in adults
Davies, P. A., Ijaz, S., Williams, C. J., Kessler, D. S., Lewis, G., & Wiles, N. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010557.pub2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior and Physical Activity in Office Employees
Brown, H. E., Ryde, G. C., Gilson, N. D., Burton, N. W., & Brown, W. J. (2013) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31829178bf · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Srivastava, S., Purkayastha, N., Chaurasia, H., & Muhammad, T. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03192-4 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lee, A. R. Y. B., Tariq, A., Lau, G., Tok, N. W. K., Tam, W., & Ho, C. S. H. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14030656 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Vigo, D., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2009) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220903129814 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
How Psychological Telehealth Can Alleviate Society's Mental Health Burden: A Literature Review
Perle, J. G., & Nierenberg, B. P. (2013) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2012.760332 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
McCall, W. V., & Kintziger, K. W. (2013) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2013.07.001 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Sverre, K. T., Nissen, E. R., Farver-Vestergaard, I., Johannsen, M., & Zachariae, R. H. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102234 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
- Authors
- Wang, P. S., Simon, G., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Group Health Cooperative (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Philip S.
- Venue
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-02
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 22-33
- ISSN
- 1049-8931 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-0657
- PMC
- PMC6878402
- OpenAlex
- W2017585287
- Cited by
- 403
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 1.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (2k05mh000507-13, 5k01mh001651-04)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K05 MH 00507, K01 MH01651)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- depression, economic burden, cost-effectiveness, employee performance, quality improvement intervention, primary care
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
