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Cited by 391Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.

A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents

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Chaiton, Michael O, Cohen, Joanna E, O'Loughlin, Jennifer, Rehm, Jurgen·2009·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356PMC PMC2758872
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate. METHODS: Longitudinal studies in English language which reported the onset of smoking on depression in non clinical populations (age 13-19) published between January 1990 and July 2008 were selected from PubMed, OVID, and PsychInfo databases. Study characteristics were extracted. Meta-analytic pooling procedures with random effects were used. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were retained for analysis. The pooled estimate for smoking predicting depression in 6 studies was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.40; p < 0.001). The pooled estimate for depression predicting smoking in 12 studies was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.63; p < 0.001). Studies that used clinical measures of depression were more likely to report a bidirectional effect, with a stronger effect of depression predicting smoking. CONCLUSION: Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that the association between smoking and depression is bidirectional. To better estimate these effects, future research should consider the potential utility of: (a) shorter intervals between surveys with longer follow-up time, (b) more accurate measurement of depression, and (c) adequate control of confounding.

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Figure 1 Search strategy diagram.
Figure 1 Search strategy diagram.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in six longitudinal studies on smoking predicting depression in adolescents.
Figure 2 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in six longitudinal studies on smoking predicting depression in adolescents.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in 12 longitudinal studies on depression predicting smoking in adolescents.
Figure 3 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in 12 longitudinal studies on depression predicting smoking in adolescents.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. StataCorp: Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. 2009, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP
  2. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL: Modern epidemiology. 2008, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 3

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Metadata

Authors
Chaiton, M. O., Cohen, J. E., O'Loughlin, J., & Rehm, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
Corresponding author
Chaiton, Michael O
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-09-22
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
356-356
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
PMC
PMC2758872
OpenAlex
W1964002523
Cited by
391
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
FWCI
1.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research
  • National Cancer Institute
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
adolescent depression, adolescent smoking, bidirectional relationship, temporal order, depression onset, smoking onset, non-clinical adolescents, longitudinal study, confounding
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Smoking, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Young Adult

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