CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 391Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 81 of the 83 references it cites were found in a registry or an index, and 2 are not checked yet.

A systematic review of longitudinal studies on the association between depression and smoking in adolescents

Open access
Chaiton, Michael O, Cohen, Joanna E, O'Loughlin, Jennifer, Rehm, Jurgen·2009·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356PMC PMC2758872
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate. METHODS: Longitudinal studies in English language which reported the onset of smoking on depression in non clinical populations (age 13-19) published between January 1990 and July 2008 were selected from PubMed, OVID, and PsychInfo databases. Study characteristics were extracted. Meta-analytic pooling procedures with random effects were used. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were retained for analysis. The pooled estimate for smoking predicting depression in 6 studies was 1.73 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.40; p < 0.001). The pooled estimate for depression predicting smoking in 12 studies was 1.41 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.63; p < 0.001). Studies that used clinical measures of depression were more likely to report a bidirectional effect, with a stronger effect of depression predicting smoking. CONCLUSION: Evidence from longitudinal studies suggests that the association between smoking and depression is bidirectional. To better estimate these effects, future research should consider the potential utility of: (a) shorter intervals between surveys with longer follow-up time, (b) more accurate measurement of depression, and (c) adequate control of confounding.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1471-2458-9-356

Cites

81 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 Search strategy diagram.
Figure 1 Search strategy diagram.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in six longitudinal studies on smoking predicting depression in adolescents.
Figure 2 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in six longitudinal studies on smoking predicting depression in adolescents.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in 12 longitudinal studies on depression predicting smoking in adolescents.
Figure 3 Effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals reported in 12 longitudinal studies on depression predicting smoking in adolescents.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. StataCorp: Stata Statistical Software: Release 10. 2009, College Station, TX: StataCorp LP
  2. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL: Modern epidemiology. 2008, Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 3

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 391

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Chaiton, M. O., Cohen, J. E., O'Loughlin, J., & Rehm, J.
Affiliations
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
Corresponding author
Chaiton, Michael O
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2009-09-22
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
356-356
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2458-9-356
PMC
PMC2758872
OpenAlex
W1964002523
Cited by
391
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 16
FWCI
1.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • TSpace (University of Toronto) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research
  • National Cancer Institute
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Keywords
adolescent depression, adolescent smoking, bidirectional relationship, temporal order, depression onset, smoking onset, non-clinical adolescents, longitudinal study, confounding
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Depression, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Smoking, Comorbidity, Disease Progression, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review