Genotype comparison of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum clones from pregnant and non-pregnant populations in North-west Colombia
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Background: Placental malaria is the predominant pathology secondary to malaria in pregnancy, causing substantial maternal and infant morbidity and mortality in tropical areas. While it is clear that placental parasites are phenotypically different from those in the peripheral circulation, it is not known whether unique genotypes are associated specifically with placental infection or perhaps more generally with pregnancy. In this study, genetic analysis was performed on Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum parasites isolated from peripheral and placental blood in pregnant women living in North-west Colombia, and compared with parasites causing acute malaria in non-pregnant populations. Methods: A total of 57 pregnant women at delivery with malaria infection confirmed by real-time PCR in peripheral or placental blood were included, as well as 50 pregnant women in antenatal care and 80 men or non-pregnant women with acute malaria confirmed by a positive thick smear for P. vivax or P. falciparum. Five molecular markers per species were genotyped by nested PCR and capillary electrophoresis. Genetic diversity and the fixation index F ST per species and study group were calculated and compared. Results: Almost all infections at delivery were asymptomatic with significantly lower levels of infection compared with the groups with acute malaria. Expected heterozygosity for P. vivax molecular markers ranged from 0.765 to 0.928 and for P. falciparum markers ranged from 0.331 to 0.604. For P. vivax infections, the genetic diversity was similar amongst the four study groups and the fixation index from each pairwise comparison failed to show significant genetic differentiation. For P. falciparum, no genetic differentiation was observed between placental and peripheral parasites from the same woman at delivery, but the parasites isolated at delivery showed significant genetic differentiation compared with parasites isolated from subjects with acute malaria. Conclusions: In North-west Colombia,P. vivax parasites have high genetic diversity that is equivalent in pregnant and non-pregnant populations as well as in symptomatic and asymptomatic infections. For P. falciparum, the overall genetic diversity is lower, with specific genotypes associated with asymptomatic infections at delivery.
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Pregnant women often have polyclonal infections, which can result from either relapses or reinfections.
“Studies have shown that pregnant women often have polyclonal infections, which can result from either relapses or reinfections.”
From Current update on malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
The Results (Genetic diversity and parasite differentiation; page unavailable) document polyclonal infections in pregnant women, particularly in antenatal P. vivax samples. The paper does not establish that those infections resulted from relapses or reinfections; it also reports substantially lower frequencies at delivery and for P. falciparum. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe genetic diversity of P.vivax is remarkable, with the existence of different haplotypes and the ability to develop at lower temperatures, in contrast to the lower genetic diversity observed in P.falciparum.
“In addition, the genetic diversity of P.vivax is remarkable, with the existence of different haplotypes (groups of genetic variations) and the ability to develop at lower temperatures, in contrast to the lower genetic diversity observed in P.falciparum.”
From Current update on malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
The Results section (‘Genetic diversity and parasite differentiation’; page not provided) reports significantly greater genetic diversity and more alleles per marker in P. vivax than in P. falciparum. It does not establish that P. vivax develops at lower temperatures, and it reports alleles rather than specifically identifying haplotypes. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA phylogenetic analysis examining the evolutionary relationships between the organisms shows that the P.vivax population is globally distributed among pregnant women.
“A phylogenetic analysis examining the evolutionary relationships between the organisms shows that the P.vivax population is globally distributed among pregnant women [163–166].”
From Current update on malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
The Results (Genetic diversity and parasite differentiation; page unavailable) report similar P. vivax genetic diversity across the study groups, including pregnant women, with no significant genetic differentiation in pairwise comparisons. But the study examined patients in North-west Colombia; its Methods describe genotyping and genetic-differentiation tests, not a phylogenetic analysis establishing global distribution among pregnant women. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredP.falciparum has been linked to specific genotypes associated with asymptomatic infections at the time of delivery.
“Interestingly, P.falciparum has been linked to specific genotypes associated with asymptomatic infections at the time of delivery.”
From Current update on malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
P.vivax can form dormant stages, known as hypnozoites, in the hepatocytes (liver cells).
“This parasite can form dormant stages, known as hypnozoites, in the hepatocytes (liver cells).”
From Current update on malaria in pregnancy: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [166]
The Background discusses P. vivax-infected red blood cells adhering to placental cells, and the Discussion addresses parasite genotypes and blood-stage infections. Searches for hypnozoites, dormant liver stages, and relapse found no passage stating that P. vivax forms dormant stages in hepatocytes. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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Self-citationCarmona-Fonseca, J., & Cardona-Arias, J. A. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263092 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationFadlelseed, O. E., Osman, M. E., Shamseldin, N. M., Elhussein, A. B., & Adam, I. (2017) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00326 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dombrowski, J. G., Acford-Palmer, H., Campos, M., Separovic, E. P. M., Epiphanio, S., Clark, T. G., Campino, S., & Marinho, C. R. F. (2023) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2022.100407 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cardona-Arias, J. A., & Carmona-Fonseca, J. (2022) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268949 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationOverview of Epidemiology of Malaria Associated with Pregnancy in Northwestern Colombia, 1985-2020
Cardona‐Arias, J. A. (2021) · JOURNAL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES · doi:10.24321/0019.5138.202184 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Waltmann, A., Patel, J. C., Thwai, K. L., Hathaway, N. J., Parobek, C. M., Massougbodji, A., Fiévet, N., Bailey, J. A., Deloron, P., Juliano, J. J., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0529 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Arango, E. M., Samuel, R., Agudelo, O. M., Carmona-Fonseca, J., Maestre, A., & Yanow, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Provincial Laboratory of Public Health (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Yanow, Stephanie K
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2012-11-26
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 392-392
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3519599
- OpenAlex
- W2057113271
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (COLCIENCIAS) (111549326134)
- Universidad de Antioquia
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Keywords
- Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, placental malaria, malaria in pregnancy, parasite genetic diversity, molecular markers, fixation index, asymptomatic malaria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Blood, Child, Colombia, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Placenta, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious, Genetic Variation, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Malaria, Falciparum, Malaria, Vivax, Electrophoresis, Capillary, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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