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Evaluation of PermaNet 3.0 a deltamethrin-PBO combination net against Anopheles gambiae and pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes: an experimental hut trial in Tanzania
Open accessAbstract
Background: Combination mosquito nets incorporating two unrelated insecticides or insecticide plus synergist are designed to control insecticide resistant mosquitoes. PermaNet 3.0 is a long-lasting combination net incorporating deltamethrin on the side panels and a mixture of deltamethrin and synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) on the top panel. PBO is an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases implicated in pyrethroid resistance. Method: An experimental hut trial comparing PermaNet 3.0, PermaNet 2.0 and a conventional deltamethrin-treated net was conducted in NE Tanzania using standard WHOPES procedures. The PermaNet arms included unwashed nets and nets washed 20 times. PermaNet 2.0 is a long-lasting insecticidal net incorporating deltamethrin as a single active. Results: Against pyrethroid susceptible Anopheles gambiae the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to unwashed PermaNet 2.0 in terms of mortality (95% killed), but showed differences in blood-feeding rate (3% blood-fed with PermaNet 3.0 versus 10% with PermaNet 2.0). After 20 washes the two products showed no difference in feeding rate (10% with 3.0 and 9% with 2.0) but showed small differences in mortality (95% with 3.0 and 87% with 2.0). Against pyrethroid resistant Culex quinquefasciatus, mediated by elevated oxidase and kdr mechanisms, the unwashed PermaNet 3.0 killed 48% and PermaNet 2.0 killed 32% but after 20 washes there was no significant difference in mortality between the two products (32% killed by 3.0 and 30% by 2.0). For protecting against Culex PermaNet 3.0 showed no difference to PermaNet 2.0 when either unwashed or after 20 washes; both products were highly protective against biting. Laboratory tunnel bioassays confirmed the loss of biological activity of the PBO/deltamethrin-treated panel after washing. Conclusion: Both PermaNet products were highly effective against susceptible Anopheles gambiae. As a long-lasting net to control or protect against pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes PermaNet 3.0 showed limited improvement over PermaNet 2.0 against Culex quinquefasciatus.
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“Some of these have shown promising results against wild free-flying multi-resistant An. gambiae (s.s.) in experimental huts [34, 43–45].”
From Mapping insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Côte d'Ivoire (2018) · cites this paper as [43]
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“several of these new molecules or formulations are now in the pipe line [73, 78, 121–127].”
From Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tungu, P., Magesa, S., Maxwell, C., Malima, R., Masue, D., Sudi, W., Myamba, J., Pigeon, O., & Rowland, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute for Medical Research (TZ)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Rowland, Mark
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2010-01-19
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2817703
- OpenAlex
- W2150372462
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Keywords
- long-lasting insecticidal nets, deltamethrin, piperonyl butoxide, pyrethroid resistance, Anopheles gambiae, Culex quinquefasciatus, insecticide resistance management, net washing, blood-feeding rate, mosquito mortality, kdr mutation, mixed function oxidase
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anopheles, Culex, Drug Resistance, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Insecticides, Mosquito Control, Nitriles, Piperonyl Butoxide, Pyrethrins, Tanzania, Survival Analysis, Insecticide-Treated Bednets
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