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Construction and validation of a measure of integrative well-being in seven languages: The Pemberton Happiness Index
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: We introduce the Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI), a new integrative measure of well-being in seven languages, detailing the validation process and presenting psychometric data. The scale includes eleven items related to different domains of remembered well-being (general, hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being) and ten items related to experienced well-being (i.e., positive and negative emotional events that possibly happened the day before); the sum of these items produces a combined well-being index. METHODS: A distinctive characteristic of this study is that to construct the scale, an initial pool of items, covering the remembered and experienced well-being domains, were subjected to a complete selection and validation process. These items were based on widely used scales (e.g., PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scales). Both the initial items and reference scales were translated into seven languages and completed via Internet by participants (N = 4,052) aged 16 to 60 years from nine countries (Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, and USA). RESULTS: Results from this initial validation study provided very good support for the psychometric properties of the PHI (i.e., internal consistency, a single-factor structure, and convergent and incremental validity). CONCLUSIONS: Given the PHI's good psychometric properties, this simple and integrative index could be used as an instrument to monitor changes in well-being. We discuss the utility of this integrative index to explore well-being in individuals and communities.
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“The reliability of this scale is quite satisfactory (alpha = 0.89) [75].”
From Protocol for a randomized controlled dismantling study of an internet-based intervention for depressive symptoms: Exploring the contribution of behavioral activation and positive psychotherapy strategies (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
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Cites
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“These items were based on widely used scales (e.g., PANAS, Satisfaction With Life Scale, Subjective Happiness Scale, and Psychological Well-Being Scales).”
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Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141 · Cited by 11,567 · cited 2×
“Hedonic wellbeing underscores the importance of life satisfaction and affective components, whereas eudaimonic well-being is focused on optimal psychological functioning, which depends on self-fulfillment and includes the concepts of personal growth, purpose in life, and a sense of autonomy among others [9,13].”
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Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.69.4.719 · Cited by 10,285 · cited 4×
“Note that in some contexts, psychological well-being is used to name one of the modern eudaimonic theories formulated by Ryff [10].”
BackgroundInfluentialA very brief measure of the Big-Five personality domains
Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/s0092-6566(03)00046-1 · Cited by 8,307 · cited 1×
“Although using a single-item scale implies diminished psychometric properties, it has been noted that this allows for an efficient assessment when needed [58].”
MethodWell-being : the foundations of hedonic psychology
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The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
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“To evaluate the incremental validity of the PHI for the whole sample compared to other widely used well-being scales, we conducted a series of separate regression analyses, employing sleep quality and perceived health as criteria because they are often considered adequate proxies of well-being [20,57].”
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Items 101–200 of 275
Positive Psychological Well-Being at Work: The Role of Eudaimonia
der Kinderen, S., & Khapova, S. N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30025-8_79 · Cited by 16
Zhang, W., Balloo, K., Hosein, A., & Medland, E. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04602-8 · Cited by 18
“Hedonic well-being emphasises enjoyment and feelings of positive emotion along with life satisfaction (Hervas & Vazquez, 2013; Lambert et al., 2020; Waterman, 1993), while eudaimonic well-being focuses on positive psychological functioning, self-ful fi lment, and living a meaningful life (Keyes et…”
Farhang, M., Rojas, G., Martínez, P., Behrens, M. I., Langer, A. I., Díaz, M., & Miranda‐Castillo, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215374 · Cited by 11
Emotion Regulation Strategies in Educational, Work and Sport Contexts: An Approach in Five Countries
da Costa, S., Oriol, X., Páez, D., Díaz, V., Carrasco, C., & Izquierdo, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20196865 · Cited by 17
“MARS and PHI were applied in all three studies.”
MethodInfluentialRetos en el desarrollo de intervenciones psicológicas y la práctica asistencial en salud mental
Tortella‐Feliu, M., Vázquez, C., Valiente, C., Quero, S., Soler, J., Montorio, I., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Hervás, G., García‐Palacios, A., García‐Campayo, J., et al. (2016) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.1016/j.clysa.2016.03.002 · Cited by 15
“The idea of promoting psychological strengths (Peterson & Seligman, 2004) and defining and evaluating psychological wellbeing with a solid perspective (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013) can help overcome the shortcomings of traditional models of health and illness.”
Self-citationEiroá‐Orosa, F. J., & Lomascolo, M. (2018) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000376 · Cited by 10
Saldivia, S., Inostroza, C., Bustos, C., Rincón, P., Aslan, J., Vasily Buhring, S., Farhang, M., King, M., & Félix Cova, S. (2019) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-019-1255-3 · Cited by 12
de Zoysa, P., Kumar, S., Amarasuriya, S. D., & Mendis, N. S. R. (2021) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12505 · Cited by 10
Inteligencia Emocional como Predictor de Satisfacción en Docentes de Infantil y Primaria
Domingo, B. G., & Díaz, J. Q. (2022) · REICE Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad Eficacia y Cambio en Educación · doi:10.15366/reice2022.20.4.003 · Cited by 23
Social climate in university classrooms: A mindfulness‐based educational intervention
Amutio, A., Telletxea, S., Mateos‐Pérez, E., Padoan, S., & Basabe, N. (2021) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.509 · Cited by 13
Valarezo-Bravo, O. F., Guzmán‐González, M., Włodarczyk, A., Ubillos-Landa, S., & Casu, G. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0312777 · Cited by 12
George, A. J., Rajkumar, E., Romate, J., Lakshmı, R., & Wajid, M. (2021) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350102114010167 · Cited by 9
Convergence Analysis of Cross-Province Human Well-Being in China: A Spatiotemporal Perspective
Jiang, L., Chen, Y., Liang, W., & Zhang, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20031858 · Cited by 9
“The main subjective well-being assessment methods include the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) [3,9] and the Pemberton Happiness Index [10].”
MethodSocial preferences and well-being: theory and evidence
Iwasaki, M. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01782-z · Cited by 9
Influence of Sample Presentation Protocol on the Results of Consumer Tests
Gutiérrez‐Salomón, A. L., Gámbaro, A., & Angulo, O. (2014) · Journal of Sensory Studies · doi:10.1111/joss.12097 · Cited by 9
Castro, A., García‐Palacios, A., del Hoyo, Y. L., Mayoral, F., Pérez-Ara, M. Á., Baños, R. M., García‐Campayo, J., Hurtado, M. M., Botella, C., Barceló‐Soler, A., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041774 · Cited by 9
“Public Health 2021, 18, 1774 8 of 15 Physical Health SF-12 e, mean(SD) 43.23 (11.26) 44.06 (9.18) 41.68 (9.31) 44.71 (14.32) 46.37 (13.65) 38.37 (6.67) 43.64 (11.25) Mental Health SF-12, mean (SD) 27.07 (10.12) 28.56 (12.34) 27.41 (10.57) 25.36 (10.28) 27.07 (9.85) 29.23 (10) 25.61 (7.53) PANAS f, n 132 Positive Affec…”
InfluentialMira, A., Díaz-García, A., Castilla, D., Campos, D., Romero, S., Bretón-López, J., García-Palacios, A., Baños, R., & Botella, C. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2099-2 · Cited by 9
Vara, M. D., Mira, A., Miragall, M., García-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Gili, M., Riera-Serra, P., García-Campayo, J., Mayoral-Cleries, F., & Baños, R. M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17218094 · Cited by 7
“Well-being: The Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI; [39]) consists of 11 items related to different domains of remembered well-being (general, hedonic, eudaimonic, and social well-being), each with an 11-point Likert-type scale (0 = strongly disagree, 10 = strongly agree), and 10 items related to experienced well-being (p…”
BackgroundMethodA Focused Review of Multidimensional Well-Being Assessments
Schonhardt, S., Sullivan, S., & Marshall, R. S. (2023) · Journal of Wellness · doi:10.55504/2578-9333.1140 · Cited by 15
da Costa, S., Páez, D., Gondim, S. M. G., Rodríguez, M., Mazzieri, S. N. G., Torres, A., Personas, G., & Sánchez, F. (2016) · Universitas Psychologica · doi:10.11144/javeriana.upsy15-4.piop · Cited by 9
“…el rol (Ortiz, Navarro, García, Rames, & Manassero, 2012) destacaban entre otras variables analizadas, aunque un rol laboral complejo y autónomo así como el mayor apoyo y liderazgo de calidad reforzaban la innovación y el bienestar (da Costa, Páez, Hermosilla et al., 2016; Hervás & Vázquez, 2013).”
La Comisión de la Verdad en Colombia: conocimiento, percepción, eficacia y emociones asociadas
Ruíz, J. I., Castro‐Abril, P., López‐López, W., Páez, D., Méndez, L., Molinares, S. C., Rodríguez, Z. Y. C., Bucheli, M. A. C., Macías, M. A., Quevedo, J. E. M., et al. (2021) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202201.005 · Cited by 8
El Bienestar Psicológico: Una mirada desde Latinoamérica
de Sonora, U., Romero, J. C. G., & Lever, J. P. (2016) · Universidad de Sonora/Qartuppi eBooks · doi:10.29410/qtp.16.09 · Cited by 11
Moderation effects of loneliness between fatalism and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Miranda, R., Nadal, C. T., Lazo, G. M., & Guiu, G. F. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31480-4 · Cited by 7
Zuberbühler, J. P., Coo, C., & Salanova, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1086510 · Cited by 12
“This variable was assessed by the remembered well-being sub-scale from the Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI; Hervás and Vázquez, 2013).”
MethodColaianne, B. A., Hirshberg, M. J., Inkelas, K. K., Dunne, J. D., Germano, D., Greenberg, M. T., Davidson, R. J., & Roeser, R. W. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2452968 · Cited by 7
García‐Campayo, J., Hijar-Aguinaga, R., del Hoyo, Y. L., Magallón-Botaya, R. M., Fernández‐Martínez, S., Barceló‐Soler, A., Soler, J., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07151-0 · Cited by 9
Robles, E., Angelone, C., Ondé, D., & Vázquez, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.087 · Cited by 9
Self-citationCaballero, R., Valiente, C., & Espinosa, R. (2021) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2021.1871943 · Cited by 8
“Source of general population data: GENCAT – Emotional – WB (Verdugo et al., 2009) PHI (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013); SHS (Extremera & Fernández-Berrocal, 2014); SPWB (Freire et al., 2017) and SWLS (Vázquez et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInkelas, K. K., Colaianne, B. A., Hirshberg, M. J., Greenberg, M. T., Davidson, R. J., Dunne, J. D., Germano, D., & Roeser, R. W. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2021.1920956 · Cited by 7
Spatial Differences of Ecological Well-Being Performance in the Poyang Lake Area at the Local Level
Wang, S., Duan, L., Zhu, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811439 · Cited by 7
“HDI [13] and life expectancy at birth (LEB) [14] are commonly used to measure objective well-being outputs and life satisfaction [15] as well as happiness index [16], commonly used to measure subjective well-being outputs in studies that apply the ratio method.”
MethodMicheletto, V., Zito, M., Bustreo, M., Gabrielli, G., Circi, R., & Russo, V. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11120559 · Cited by 7
Historias del bienestar. Desde la historia de las emociones a las políticas de la experiencia
Sanabria, J. M. (2014) · Cuadernos de Historia Contemporánea · doi:10.5209/rev_chco.2014.v36.46682 · Cited by 8
Estudio sobre la satisfacción laboral y la felicidad en médicos dermatólogos
Fierro‐Arias, L., Simón‐Díaz, P., Ponce‐Olivera, R. M., & Arenas, R. (2018) · Gaceta Médica de México · doi:10.24875/gmm.17002763 · Cited by 7
López‐Gómez, I., Chaves, C., Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C. (2017) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2017.44 · Cited by 7
“Depressive symptoms were measured with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996; Sanz, Navarro, & Vazquez, 2003; α = .87), and well-being was measured with the Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI; Hervas & Vazquez, 2013; α = .79).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDog-assisted intervention at a Spanish university: pilot study
Gil, D. P., García, M. G., & Trujillo, C. R. C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-03-2019-0067 · Cited by 9
Bienestar eudaimónico y meditación mindfulness en los contextos laborales: una revisión sistemática
Rincón, I. C., García‐Palacios, A., & Vázquez, S. S. (2023) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.493671 · Cited by 15
Galinha, I. C., Balbino, I. F., Devezas, M., & Trigo, B. R. D. O. (2022) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12173 · Cited by 6
Teachers’ wellbeing, affects, and burnout during the pandemic in Chile
Varela, J. J., Guzmán, P., Oriol, X., Romo, F., & Miranda, R. (2022) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2022.07.001 · Cited by 10
Ebbini, G. W., & Bleibleh, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2024.1448061 · Cited by 5
Casellas‐Pujol, E., Soler, J., Schmidt, C., Soria-Madrid, A., Elices, M., & Pascual, J. C. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100846 · Cited by 6
Hirshberg, M. J., Colaianne, B. A., Inkelas, K. K., Oke, G., Doren, N. V., Davidson, R. J., & Roeser, R. W. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2180989 · Cited by 5
Guzmán, P., Varela, J. J., Oriol, X., Canales, A., & Quintana, A. M. (2023) · Estudios pedagógicos · doi:10.4067/s0718-07052023000200243 · Cited by 9
The Well-Being of Rural Elderly Surrounding Chinese Megacities: A Case Study of Xi’an, Shaanxi
Zheng, Q., Lei, M., Zhao, J., Jiang, X., & Liu, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17020530 · Cited by 5
Selecting Appropriate Happiness Measures and Malleability: A Review
Azzatunnisak, M. N., Roseliza-Murni, A., Manap, J., & Hoesni, S. M. (2017) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3547 · Cited by 5
The Effects of a Community Animation Program in a Rural Setting on the Participants’ Quality of Life
Landa, S. U., Hortigüela, M. C., Castro, J. L. G., & Puente-Martínez, A. (2020) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12204 · Cited by 5
Adaptation of the Duke University Religion Index for Turkish speaking Muslims
Esat, G., Smith, B. H., Rizvi, S., & Koenig, H. G. (2021) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.1923681 · Cited by 6
“Criterion validity was investigated by correlating the TDUREL scores with the PHI (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013) scores.”
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Sinarajoo, N., Kong, Y., Kaur, R., Bustamam, R. S., Satar, N. F. A., Jaya-Prakason, S., Rajah, H. D. A., Danaee, M., Yip, C. H., & Bhoo‐Pathy, N. (2025) · ecancermedicalscience · doi:10.3332/ecancer.2025.1873 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of a meaning in life intervention applied to work: A randomized clinical trial
Ríos, D. C., & Hervás, G. (2024) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12622 · Cited by 4
Self-citationExamining the complexity of wellbeing profiles in a large cross-national community sample
Burns, R. A., & Crisp, D. A. (2021) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v11i4.1593 · Cited by 4
Konflik Peran Dengan Well-Being Pada Ibu Bekerja
Nona, E. H. A. P., Sumargi, A. M., & Ratna, J. M. J. (2022) · Psychopreneur Journal · doi:10.37715/psy.v6i1.2631 · Cited by 4
Adaptación cultural, discriminación percibida y bienestar de migrantes sudamericanos en Chile
Navarro-Conticello, J., & Moyano‐Díaz, E. (2023) · Perfiles Latinoamericanos · doi:10.18504/pl3161-013-2023 · Cited by 4
“Su confiabilidad en muestras de países europeos, asiáticos, norteamericanos y latinoamericanos fue igual o superior a α = .82 para la subescala de bienestar recordado e igual o superior a α = .84 para ambas subescalas combinadas (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013).”
Történeti tabló a pozitív pszichológiai jóllét és mentális egészség elméletekről és előzményeikről
Zábó, V., Oláh, A., & Vargha, A. (2023) · Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle · doi:10.1556/0016.2023.00041 · Cited by 8
Loneliness and Subjective Wellbeing During the Covid-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Castelletti, C., Dolz-del-Castellar, B., Miret, M., Mercier, H. W., & Lara, E. (2024) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2319172 · Cited by 5
Eventos locales, efectos globales: emociones trascendentes e identificación con toda la humanidad
Pizarro, J. J., Alfaro-Beracoechea, L. N., Cusi, O., Espinosa, M. L. I., Zumeta, L. N., & Basabe, N. (2021) · Revista de Psicología · doi:10.18800/psico.202102.005 · Cited by 5
Validación Española del Differentiation of Self Inventory for Adolescents
Duch-Ceballos, C., Osorio, A., Calatrava, M., & Rodríguez‐González, M. (2022) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep65.4.10 · Cited by 4
Relationships amongst Gratitude, Well-Being and Depression
Dusen, V., & Patrick, J. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4
Nieto, I., & Vázquez, C. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05459-3 · Cited by 6
Self-citationEUDAIMONIA AND EUDAIMONIC WELL-BEING BEHAVIORS
der Kinderen, S. (2023) · doi:10.5463/thesis.347 · Cited by 6
Julià, A., Jaén, I., Giménez, M. C., García-Palacios, A., Pascual, J. C., Estévez, A. S., Lara, A., Méndez, I., Romero, S., Puntí, J., et al. (2025) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/86413 · Cited by 3
“The Pemberton Happiness Index [47] integrates hedonic and eudaimonic aspects of well-being.”
Nieto, I., Mayo, X., Davies, L. E., Reece, L. J., Strafford, B. W., & Jiménez, A. G.-G. (2026) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0362 · Cited by 3
de Camargos, M. G., Paiva, B. S. R., de Oliveira, M. A., de Almeida, C. S. L., Giacomoni, C. H., & Paiva, C. E. (2021) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00164020 · Cited by 3
“Widowed 25 (20-29) Separated or divorced 22 (16-28) Single 25 (20-29)”
Inostroza, C., Concha, Á., Saldivia, S., Félix Cova, S., Bustos, C., & Aslan, J. (2023) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082023000200233 · Cited by 3
Workplace happiness in architectural companies in the city of Valencia: a gender comparison
Rodríguez-Leudo, A. L., & Navarro-Astor, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2024.1460028 · Cited by 3
Ikai, T., Suzuki, T., Oshima, T., Kanayama, H., Kusaka, Y., Hayashi, H., & Terasawa, H. (2015) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/hsc.12271 · Cited by 3
Ruini, C. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52112-1_1 · Cited by 4
Rodriguez‐Moreno, S., Guillén, A. I., Wilner, J. G., Marín‐Martín, C., Cardona, N. D., Eustis, E. H., Farchione, T. J., Barlow, D. H., & Panadero, S. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10335-8 · Cited by 4
“Change in well-being was assessed using the Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI; Hervás & Vázquez 2013), at pre- and post-intervention.”
Methodsatisfacción en los docentes de Educación Infantil y Primaria.
Domingo, B. G. (2024) · Profesorado Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado · doi:10.30827/profesorado.v28i2.21507 · Cited by 3
Acceptability and feasibility of a meaning-focused intervention at work: A case series study
Ríos, D. C., & Hervás, G. (2024) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.592501 · Cited by 3
“Pemberton Happiness Index (PHI; Hervas & Vázquez, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAnálisis Psicométrico del Authentic Happiness Inventory (AHI) en Población Trabajadora Colombiana
Posada, A. S., & Salanova, M. (2015) · Revista Interamericana de Psicología Ocupacional · doi:10.21772/ripo.v34n2a01 · Cited by 3
Assessing grit as a potential additional domain for dental students' selection
Baharuddin, I. H., Fazri, K. H. K., Safran, H. M., Rahim, M. A. A., & Ismail, I. H. (2021) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.12741 · Cited by 3
Predictors of subjective well-being among individuals with severe psychiatric conditions
Caballero, R., Valiente, C., & Espinosa, R. (2021) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2021.152266 · Cited by 4
Salgado, S., González-Suhr, C., Nazar, G., de la Hera, C. M. A., Ramírez-Vielma, R., & Bustos, C. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12100357 · Cited by 4
“Experienced well-being was measured by the subscale named alike from The Pemberton Happiness Index scale [13].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVázquez, C., & Chaves, C. A. U. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00049-5 · Cited by 6
Self-citationFigueiredo, S., Trigueiro, M. J., Simões-Silva, V., Coelho, T., de Almeida, R. S., Portugal, P., de Sousa, S., Campos, F., & Marques, A. J. (2022) · RevSALUS - Revista Científica da Rede Académica das Ciências da Saúde da Lusofonia · doi:10.51126/revsalus.v4i2.192 · Cited by 2
Unveiling the mirage of mindfulness profiles through mindfulness-based stress reduction
Lecuona, O. Z., García‐Rubio, C., de Rivas, S., Vidal, J., Moreno‐Jiménez, J. E., & Rodríguez‐Carvajal, R. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100775 · Cited by 2
The Mediating Role of Parenting: How parental well-being and distress influence child behaviors
Sumargi, A. M., & Prasetyo, E. (2024) · Journal of Educational Health and Community Psychology · doi:10.12928/jehcp.v13i3.28634 · Cited by 2
Guzmán-González, M., Gómez, F., Valarezo-Bravo, O., & Casu, G. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00917-0 · Cited by 2
“In contrast, the eudaimonic model, or psychological well-being, focuses on optimal psycho-social functioning and human potential, including flourishing, life purpose, autonomy, and personal growth (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013; Keyes & Annas, 2009 ).”
Cebolla, A., Navarro-Siurana, J., Galante, J., Sarrión, P., Vidal, J., Fernández-Castilla, B., Lecuona, Ó., Vázquez, C., & Baños, R. M. (2025) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.70069 · Cited by 5
Self-citationBoada, V. L., Manzanares‐Céspedes, M. C., López‐López, J., Ventura, A. P., & Giovannoni, M. L. (2025) · European Journal Of Dental Education · doi:10.1111/eje.70071 · Cited by 2
“In order to be able to analyse the different study factors, a survey was conducted using validated and accepted questionnaires [31, 40–43] on each of the variables listed in Table 1.”
InfluentialDamiani-Rodríguez, P. G., & Vega‐Dienstmaier, J. M. (2019) · Revista de Neuro-Psiquiatría · doi:10.20453/rnp.v82i1.3482 · Cited by 2
Positive Psychology in Southern Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain)
Ruini, C. (2022) · The International Handbook of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57354-6_8 · Cited by 2
Martínez-Sanchis, M., Vara, M. D., Herrero, R., Campos, D., García‐Campayo, J., & Baños, R. M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278462 · Cited by 2
Minhat, H. S., Abas, R., Zakariah, S. Z., Ibrahim, R., Razali, C. S. M. M., & Salleh, M. (2023) · Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences · doi:10.47836/mjmhs.19.2.28 · Cited by 3
Kesejahteraan orang tua dan pola asuh otoritatif dengan perilaku bermasalah pada remaja
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Propiedades psicométricas de una escala de identidad global en jóvenes mexicanos
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Trauma and well-being in terrorism survivors in Spain
Marín‐Martín, C., Gómez, M. L. N., Vázquez, C., Crespo, M., & Hervás, G. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251324246 · Cited by 2
“The Cronbach’s alpha for the 11-item scale (excluding experienced well-being) was 0.91, and for the expanded scale (including experienced well-being) it was 0.92 (Herva´s and Va´zquez, 2013).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMéndez, L., Cavalli, S., Pizarro, J. J., Telletxea, S., Castro‐Abril, P., Padoan, S., & Páez, D. (2022) · International Journal of Social Psychology Revista de Psicología Social · doi:10.1080/02134748.2022.2034291 · Cited by 2
“Para medir el bienestar se empleó la escala Pemberton Happiness Index PHI (Hervás & Vázquez, 2013), que mide cuatro facetas conceptuales diferentes del Bienestar Recordado: Bienestar General, el cual evalúa el bienestar hedónico cognitivo o satisfacción vital y vitalidad (dos ítems ‘Me siento muy…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhat are Engagement, Happiness and Well-Being?
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Franco, V. H., Velázquez, J. A. M., & Sánchez, J. N. (1970) · Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodístico · doi:10.5209/esmp.54251 · Cited by 2
Grandparent caregivers: Factors contributing to their experience of life satisfaction
Coleman-Reed, F. V. (2016) · W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library Manuscript Collections · Cited by 2
Felicidad y optimismo en el trabajo. Hallazgos de investigaciones científicas
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Hirshberg, M. J., Colaianne, B. A., Inkelas, K. K., Oke, G., Doren, N. V., Davidson, R. J., & Roeser, R. W. (2022) · doi:10.2196/preprints.36717 · Cited by 2
College Course About Flourishing and Students’ Mental Health During SARS-CoV-2
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Guo, Z., Nova-Díaz, D. M., Lipman, S. A., & Roijen, L. H. (2025) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-025-02418-3 · Cited by 1
“Two are for the general population without age limits [81, 82], and the Pemberton Happiness Index was developed for individuals aged 16–60 [76].”
The experience of trauma in people with severe psychiatric conditions: A gender perspective
Valiente, C., Peinado, V., Calvo, A., Trucharte, A., Contreras, A., Espinosa, R., & Gottlieb, J. D. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.09.076 · Cited by 1
Codina-Nadal, A., Dowd, K., Cirera-Viñolas, E., McKenna, J., Jabardo-Camprubí, G., Molist, G., Corominas, A., Torrejón, A., & Puig-Ribera, A. M. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27436-8 · Cited by 1
“Happiness was measured using the Pemberton Hap-piness Index (PHI), which is a valid and reliable (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.89) scale for measuring remembered and experienced well-being [26].”
InfluentialWade, J. B., Hart, R. P., Wade, J. H., Bekenstein, J. W., Ham, C., & Bajaj, J. S. (2016) · Healthy Aging Research · doi:10.12715/har.2016.5.5 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Hervás, G., & Vázquez, C.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Hervás, Gonzalo
- Venue
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 66
- ISSN
- 1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3637073
- OpenAlex
- W2150838967
- Cited by
- 274
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 17.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- well-being measurement, hedonic well-being, eudaimonic well-being, social well-being, experienced well-being, cross-cultural translation, scale validation, positive and negative emotions
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Female, Happiness, Health Status, Humans, Language, Male, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Theory, Psychometrics, Socioeconomic Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Chi-Square Distribution, Internationality
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