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Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The objective was to review all available literature concerning Type D (distressed) personality among the general population and to discuss its implications for research on health status, disease-promoting mechanisms and work-related problems in non-clinical populations. METHODS: A computerized search of the literature was performed independently and in duplicate by both investigators on December 21st, 2009. Published research reports were included if they studied Type D personality among the general population. Nineteen articles were selected and they were subjected to an 11-item standardised quality checklist by both investigators. RESULTS: The methodological quality of the selected studies was adequate to high. The studies included in this review showed that the presence of Type D characteristics had a negative impact on mental health status (more symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental distress, passive coping, and less social support) and physical health status (more somatic complaints, lower health status, more influenza-like illness reporting). Other studies reported on behavioral and biological mechanisms of disease in apparently healthy individuals with a Type D personality. Finally, some studies also showed a negative effect of Type D personality on work-related problems (higher absence-leave, higher levels of vital exhaustion and burnout, and more work-related stress). CONCLUSIONS: Type D personality is a vulnerability factor for general psychological distress that affects mental and physical health status and is associated with disease-promoting mechanisms and work-related problems in apparently healthy individuals.
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“While many studies have documented poorer general health correlates of Type D in community (rather than CVD) samples [154, 155]”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [155]
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
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Type D personality as a predictor of smoking cessation failure in smoking high school adolescents
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“In particular, the type D personality is a trait associated with negative emotions such as worrying, and a lack of social interaction out of fear of disapproval (Textbox 1) [26-28].”
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An Ecological Studybased on Textile Sensory Platforms to Improve Safety and Well-Being at Work
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Type D personality, clinical characteristics and working life among cancer survivors
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“Previous studies have shown Type D personality to be an important predictor of health-related quality of life and disease-specific health status beyond clinical characteristics (Denollet et al., 2010; Mols and Denollet, 2010), and this trait might possibly lead to poor behaviours (Denollet, 2005).”
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Mataczyńska, A., & Kucharska, K. (2022) · Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia · doi:10.5114/nan.2022.124698 · Cited by 1
Type D personality in obese patients, including selected aspects of body image
Buczkowska, M., Górski, M. K., Malinowska-Borowska, J., Buczkowski, K., & Nowak, P. G. (2023) · Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu · doi:10.26444/monz/171431 · Cited by 1
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“Распро - страненность этого типа личности варьируется в пределах 17–38 % в общей популяции [9] и 26–53% у кардиологических больных [10].”
Gębska, M., Mielcarska, S., Dalewski, B., Pałka, Ł., Weber‐Nowakowska, K., & Kołodziej, Ł. (2023) · doi:10.56984/8zg20bzsv · Cited by 1
When Mind & Body Meet: Lifelong Learning for Flourishing
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“Further studies have shown that having a distressed personality (characterized by high co-occurrence of negative affect and social inhibition) puts one at risk for psychological distress that correlates with disease promoting mechanisms (Mols & Denollet, 2010).”
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“…with both fatal (Pedersen & Denollet, 2003) and nonfatal (noncardiac chest pain) events (Campbell et al., 2017; Kuijpers et al., 2007) and have more work-related problems (e.g., as higher absentee-ism, more somatization, and report more work-related burnout and stress) (Mols & Denollet, 2010).”
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D-tyypin persoonallisuus ja työkuormitus työtyytyväisyyden selittäjinä
Pekurinen, J. (2015) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
5 Ischemische hart- en vaatziekten
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“部分研究者将视线转向了个体心理层面,A 型人 格(Type A)([32])和 D 型人格(Type D)([33-36])被认为与心血 管疾病的发病率有极高的相关性,但人格属于比较稳 定的心理特质,短时间内不会被轻易改变,因此一般”
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“Studies suggest that Type D personality, which is associated with negative affect and social inhibition, increases reactivity to stress and is associated with negative health outcomes (Mols & Denollet, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Primacy of Motivation in Preoperative Optimization
McAnally, H. B., & Darnall, B. D. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780190920142.003.0003
PSYCHIATRIC INTERVIEW OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER
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“The results are in line with previous studies examining Type D in the general population, which established its association with poor health status and the frequent presence of various somatic symptoms (Jellesma, 2008; Mols & Denollet, 2010).”
ResultAz egészség és a személyiségvonások kapcsolata, pszichoszomatikus rendellenességek
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Managing anger and resolving conflicts
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Cross-Cultural Confirmation of the Type D Personality Construct
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بررسی اثرگذاری میدان شعوری فرادرمانی بر پارامترهای تغییرپذیری ضربان قلب
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The Relationship Between Type D Personality, Bedtime Procrastination and Sleep Quality
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Burnout among emergency physicians : from detection to prevention
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Personality Traits and Patient Satisfaction in Hypothyroidism
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“Understanding the relationship between Type D personality and these mental health disorders can guide treatment approaches and interventions to enhance overall patient outcomes [49].”
BackgroundEl malestar psicológico durante el Covid-19 en la UAEM
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“Similarly, Denollet later identified "Type D" (chronic worry, social inhibition, negative affectivity), which was linked to general distress (Denollet, 2000; Kupper & Denollet, 2018; Mols & Denollet, 2010; Moryś et al., 2015).”
Managing anger and resolving conflicts
Romas, J. A., & Sharma, M. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-36739-7.00008-0
Veys, F., Schyvens, A.-M., Volder, I. D., Gastel, A. V., Dieltjens, M., Vroegop, A. V. M. T., Vanderveken, O. M., & Verbraecken, J. A. (2025) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00714-2025
“These traits have been associated with increased health complaints, suboptimal interactions with medical staff, and unwillingness to consult or to get follow-up on medical advice [14, 15].”
Fathi, M., Kananifar, N., Atashpour, S. H., Bardideh, F., & Atashpour, S. S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-23148-y
Risk Factors for Social Exclusion and Stigma in a Group of Non-Hospitalised Patients with COVID-19
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“Type D personality has been described as the trend to experience an increased occurrence of negative affectivity and social inhibition and may negatively affect health status [20].”
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Type D personality and ill-health among Swedish adolescents
Condén, E. (2013) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Gębska, M., Pałka, Ł., Chmielewski, D., Weber‐Nowakowska, K., Seweryn, P., & Dalewski, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1710640
Alpaydın, T., Yılmaz, M. F., Alpaydın, M. T., & Torul, D. (2026) · CRANIO® · doi:10.1080/08869634.2026.2619916
“Furthermore, previous research has demonstrated that Type D personality is associated with emotional stress and so, can potentially and in association represent equally a risk factor condition to TMD development [30,31].”
Papola, D., Turri, G., Tedeschi, F., Barbui, C., Ostuzzi, G., & Pedrazzani, C. (2026) · European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ejpsy.2026.100361
Tığlı, A., Baykuş, Y., Cilingir, B., Akıncı, G. E., Şener, N., Değirmenci, Y. E., Gürkan, E., Karakoç, O., TEKCAN, G., & Deniz, R. (2026) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2026.2696099
“In the literature, the prevalence of Type D personality in the general population ranges from approximately 13% to 39% [2,33,34].”
Nakhebi, O. A. S. A., Șușan, R. M., Mihai, A., Bumbu, G. A., Mindru, F. M., Mornoş, C., & ENĂTESCU, V. R. (2026) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases14070244
Type A and Type D Personality in Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review
Banceu, D., Suciu, H., & Bănceu, C. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14142199
“It is currently considered a risk factor for psychological discomfort and is linked to disease-promoting pathways in healthy individuals [76].”
Gul, A., van Geest, S., Kuijper, B., van der Plas, A. A., & Vleggeert-Lankamp, C. L. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2026.1887901
“Individuals scoring high on both personality traits are classified as having a Type D personality (Mols and Denollet, 2010).”
Stokłosa, I., Gorczyca, P. W., & Więckiewicz, G. (2026) · Sexes · doi:10.3390/sexes7040058
Metadata
- Authors
- Mols, F., & Denollet, J.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mols, Floortje
- Venue
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9
- ISSN
- 1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2822747
- OpenAlex
- W2148986482
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Type D personality, health status, mental health, physical health, work-related problems, burnout, occupational stress, absenteeism, passive coping, social support, vulnerability factors, general population
- MeSH terms
- Disease, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Temperament, Work
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