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Type D personality in the general population: a systematic review of health status, mechanisms of disease, and work-related problems
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The objective was to review all available literature concerning Type D (distressed) personality among the general population and to discuss its implications for research on health status, disease-promoting mechanisms and work-related problems in non-clinical populations. METHODS: A computerized search of the literature was performed independently and in duplicate by both investigators on December 21st, 2009. Published research reports were included if they studied Type D personality among the general population. Nineteen articles were selected and they were subjected to an 11-item standardised quality checklist by both investigators. RESULTS: The methodological quality of the selected studies was adequate to high. The studies included in this review showed that the presence of Type D characteristics had a negative impact on mental health status (more symptoms of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, mental distress, passive coping, and less social support) and physical health status (more somatic complaints, lower health status, more influenza-like illness reporting). Other studies reported on behavioral and biological mechanisms of disease in apparently healthy individuals with a Type D personality. Finally, some studies also showed a negative effect of Type D personality on work-related problems (higher absence-leave, higher levels of vital exhaustion and burnout, and more work-related stress). CONCLUSIONS: Type D personality is a vulnerability factor for general psychological distress that affects mental and physical health status and is associated with disease-promoting mechanisms and work-related problems in apparently healthy individuals.
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“While many studies have documented poorer general health correlates of Type D in community (rather than CVD) samples [154, 155]”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [155]
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Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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“Similar findings have also been reported in non-cardiovascular patients, and healthy participants (Mols & Denollet, 2010a; 2010b).”
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“A review by Mols and Denollet (2010) concluded that Type D has a negative impact on mental health status (e.g. symptoms of depression and anxiety) and on physical health status, including more somatic symptoms and lower health status.”
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“A review by Mols and Denollet (2010) concluded that Type D has a negative impact on mental health status (e.g. symptoms of depression and anxiety) and on physical health status, including more somatic symptoms and lower health status.”
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“Type D personality is also associated with several emotional and social difficulties such as depression, anxiety, low level of subjective well-being, lack of social support and low quality of life which have a negative impact on mental and physical health [8–12].”
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“Type D personality has been shown to be an important predictor of HRQoL and disease-specific health status in medical and general populations, above and beyond clinical characteristics [3–5].”
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“Apart from these clinical psychological constructs, there exists a large body of research investigating whether Type D personality is related to worse health-related outcomes in the general population (Mols & Denollet, 2010) or in people with cardiovascular disease (Denollet et al., 2010, 2018).”
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“At the same time, type D personality is associated with more frequent depressive symptoms and PTSD [99], and more persistent depressive symptoms [100], which suggests a possible overlap in all of these pathologies.”
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“samples (13–38%) [12,13] where it is associated with increased poor mental and physical health status [12].”
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“…that people with cancer who have type D personalities perceived higher levels of symptom distress, anxiety, and depression, and poorer quality of life (Mols & Denollet, 2010a; Mols, Denollet, Kaptein, Reemst, & Thong, 2012; Mols, Holterhues, Nijsten, & van de Poll-Franse, 2010; Shun et al., 2011).”
BackgroundType D personality, stress coping strategies and self-efficacy as predictors of Facebook intrusion.
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“Number current therapies N = 1633 2 (12); 07 2 (12); 0- 6 0.”
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Burnout, stress and Type D personality amongst hospital/emergency physicians
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“Mols and coworkers indicate that individuals with a Type D personality are more likely to experience their environment as stressful but are less likely to ask for help (Mols and Denollet 2010).”
BackgroundThe Four-Cluster Spectrum of Mind-Body Interrelationships: An Integrative Model
Ezra, Y., Hammerman, O., & Shahar, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00039 · Cited by 29
Kasai, Y., Suzuki, E., Iwase, T., Doi, H., & Takao, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077918 · Cited by 27
“248 Although previous studies have repeatedly shown associations between Type D personality and 249 depression or psychological distress [4,11,13,14], the influence of similar items, including those 250 addressed in the DS14 and the K6 questionnaire has to be discussed.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrassi, L. G., Caruso, R., Murri, M. B., Fielding, R., Lam, W., Sabato, S., Padova, S. D., Nanni, M. G., Bertelli, T., Palagini, L., et al. (2021) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017902117010271 · Cited by 32
The association of type D personality and depression with infertility in women
Tola, E. N., Yalçın, S. E., Dugan, N., & Oral, B. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2019.1573224 · Cited by 24
“Type D personality has also been found to be associated with the tendency of patients with CVD to experience chronic emotional stress [13] and a decrease in their quality of life [12].”
BackgroundDomagalska, J., Rusin, M., Razzaghi, M., & Nowak, P. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626945 · Cited by 30
Husson, O., Denollet, J., Oerlemans, S., & Mols, F. (2013) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3267 · Cited by 24
Self-citationDonisan, T., Bojinca, V. C., Dobrin, M. A., Balanescu, D. V., Predețeanu, D., Bojincă, M., Berghea, F., Opriș-Belinski, D., Groseanu, L., Borangiu, A., et al. (2017) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-017-3654-1 · Cited by 24
“, anxiety, depression, hostility, anger) that they tend to repress for fear of rejection, making them socially inhibited [9].”
BackgroundNie, J., Li, W., Wang, P., Wang, X., Wang, Y., & Lei, L. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.036 · Cited by 26
Relationship between Type-D Personality, Physical Activity Behaviour and Climacteric Symptoms
Borkoles, E., Reynolds, N., Ski, C. F., Stojanovska, L., Thompson, D. R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2015) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-015-0176-3 · Cited by 23
“More recent studies have also indicated that Type-D personality is associated with negative health outcomes in the general population including more mental health problems and poorer physical health status [10].”
BackgroundSmith, M., Riccalton, V., Kelly-Hughes, D. H., Craw, O. A., Allen, S. F., O'Connor, D. B., & Wetherell, M. A. (2018) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2018.1435637 · Cited by 23
“…the general population, but no studies to date have investigated whether such psychobiological factors mediate the now well established relationship (Mols & Denollet, 2010; Stevenson & Williams, 2014; Williams et al., 2016; Williams & Wingate, 2012) between Type D personality and physical symptom…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPersonality Trait and Quality of Life in Colorectal Cancer Survivors
Shun, S., Hsiao, F., Lai, Y., Liang, J., Yeh, K., & Huang, J. J. (2011) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/11.onf.e221-e228 · Cited by 22
Einvik, G., Dammen, T., Namtvedt, S. K., Hrubos‐Strøm, H., Randby, A., Kristiansen, H. A., Nordhus, I. H., Somers, V. K., & Omland, T. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312462800 · Cited by 22
“In the present study, Type D persons reported significantly more anxiety symptoms than non-Type D persons, in line with previous literature.(36) However, the univariate analyses show that Type D personality is more closely related to the dependent variables than anxiety in this sample.”
ResultPersonality dimensions and type D personality in female patients with ulcerative colitis.
Sajadinejad, M. S., Molavi, H., Asgari, K., Kalantari, M., & Adibi, P. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 21
The Effect of Type D Personality on Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Demirci, S., Demirci, K., & Demirci, S. (2016) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2016.12764 · Cited by 21
“Type D personality was reported to affect physical and mental health status in the general population as well as in conditions such as heart failure and myocardial infarction (14,15).”
BackgroundMols, F., Thong, M. S. Y., Denollet, J., Oranje, W. A., Netea-Maier, R. T., Smit, J. W. A., & Husson, O. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1619730 · Cited by 20
“Numerous studies have shown that having a Type D personality is associated with worse health outcomes in medical and general populations, above and beyond clinical characteristics (Denollet, Schiffer, & Spek, 2010; Mols & Denollet, 2010a, 2010b).”
BackgroundSelf-citationChen, X. S., Changolkar, S., Navathe, A. S., Linn, K. A., Reh, G., Szwartz, G., Steier, D. M., Godby, S., Balachandran, M., Harrison, J. D., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239288 · Cited by 23
“This personality type has been associated with a range of negative mental and physical health outcomes, felt to be mediated by poor health behaviors and maladaptive coping mechanisms [43].”
BackgroundMaternal personality traits and risk of preterm birth and fetal growth restriction
Chatzi, L., Koutra, K., Vassilaki, M., Vardiampasis, A., Georgiou, V., Koutis, A., Lionis, C., Bitsios, P., & Kogevinas, M. (2013) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2011.11.006 · Cited by 19
“Numerous studies have demonstrated associations between personality traits and a wide spectrum of medical conditions [29,38].”
BackgroundSánchez‐Díaz, M., Montero‐Vílchez, T., Quiñones-Vico, M. I., Sierra-Sánchez, Á., Ubago-Rodríguez, A., la Torre, R. S.-D., Molina‐Leyva, A., & Arias‐Santiago, S. (2023) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/actadv.v103.2741 · Cited by 19
“In addition, type D personality has also been linked to poorer outcomes and poorer quality of life in healthy individuals (6).”
BackgroundPersonality Traits and Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review
Ciancio, A., Moretti, M. C., Natale, A., Rodolico, A., Signorelli, M., Petralia, A., Altamura, M., Bellomo, A., Zanghì, A., D'Amico, E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12134518 · Cited by 16
“[85] used a neuroticism subscale from NEO-PPI to determine how many pwMS had a type D personality, defined with high neuroticism and increased psychosocial discomfort [108].”
MethodZhang, J.-K., Fang, L., Zhang, D., Qiu, J. F., Wu, X., Liu, J., Zhang, C., & Dai, D. (2015) · International Journal of Colorectal Disease · doi:10.1007/s00384-015-2333-4 · Cited by 19
Type D personality and job burnout: The moderating role of physical activity
Armon, G. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.020 · Cited by 19
“Third, in addition to its influence on the experience and appraisal of stress, TPD might negatively influence the ability to cope with stressors (Connor-Smith & Flechsbart, 2007; Mols & Denollet, 2010), thereby contributing to the etiology of burnout.”
BackgroundHorwood, S., Anglim, J., & Tooley, G. A. (2016) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2016.1167209 · Cited by 19
“The rate of Type D in the healthy controls was similar to other Australian population estimates (39.7%, Horwood et al., 2014) but higher than reported international estimates (24%, Mols & Denollet, 2010a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialType D personality and life satisfaction: The mediating role of social support
Dehghani, F. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.005 · Cited by 25
Gębska, M., Kołodziej, Ł., Dalewski, B., Pałka, Ł., & Sobolewska, E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10173872 · Cited by 19
“They are characterized by a pessimistic way of looking at the world, low self-esteem, and low level of satisfaction with life [30].”
BackgroundType D personality and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.
Sararoudi, R. B., Afshar, H., Adibi, P., Daghaghzadeh, H., Fallah, J., & Abotalebian, F. (2011) · PubMed Central · Cited by 19
Svansdóttir, E., van den Broek, K. C., Karlsson, H. D., Ólason, D. Þ., Thorgilsson, H., & Denollet, J. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.008 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe Validity and Reliability of Type D Personality Scale in Turkish Population
Öncü, E., & Vayısoğlu, S. K. (2018) · Ankara Medical Journal · doi:10.17098/amj.497485 · Cited by 18
A one-year prospective investigation of Type D personality and self-reported physical health
Allen, S. F., Wetherell, M. A., & Smith, M. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2019.1568431 · Cited by 18
“These findings correspond with the findings of a meta-analysis (Mols & Denollet, 2010b) demonstrating links between Type D and both poorer health status and increased work-related issues (e.g. absenteeism).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWoo, M., & Kim, D.-H. (2020) · Journal of Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jen.2020.08.006 · Cited by 17
Sánchez‐Díaz, M., Salazar-Nievas, M. C., Molina‐Leyva, A., & Arias‐Santiago, S. (2022) · Acta Dermato Venereologica · doi:10.2340/actadv.v102.676 · Cited by 18
“The obtained prevalence for TDp seems to be similar to those described for the general population (13–34%) (10, 25).”
BackgroundResultZusammenhang zwischen Burnout und Persönlichkeit
Wulf Rössler, A., Hengartner, M. P., Ajdacic‐Gross, V., & Angst, J. (2013) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-013-3742-7 · Cited by 18
Perros, P., Nagy, E. V., Papini, E., Abad-Madroñero, J., Lakwijk, P., Poots, A. J., Mols, F., & Hegedűs, L. D. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae140 · Cited by 18
Self-citationvan Bon-Martens, M. J., Denollet, J., Kiemeney, L. A. L. M., Droomers, M., de Beer, M. J., van de Goor, I. A., & OERS, H. A. M. V. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-46 · Cited by 17
Self-citationThe Stability of Type D Personality in Dialysis Patients
Loosman, W. L., de Jong, R. W., Haverkamp, G. L. G., van den Beukel, T. O., Dekker, F. W., Siegert, C. E. H., & Honig, A. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-017-9667-y · Cited by 18
Metadata
- Authors
- Mols, F., & Denollet, J.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Mols, Floortje
- Venue
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9
- ISSN
- 1477-7525 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2822747
- OpenAlex
- W2148986482
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Health and Quality of Life Outcomes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- Type D personality, health status, mental health, physical health, work-related problems, burnout, occupational stress, absenteeism, passive coping, social support, vulnerability factors, general population
- MeSH terms
- Disease, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Personality, Surveys and Questionnaires, Temperament, Work
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