CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 345Regulation of Appetite and ObesityHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurones in feeding behaviour

Open access
Millington, George WM·2007·Nutrition & Metabolism
DOI 10.1186/1743-7075-4-18PMC PMC2018708
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The precursor protein, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), produces many biologically active peptides via a series of enzymatic steps in a tissue-specific manner, yielding the melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSHs), corticotrophin (ACTH) and beta-endorphin. The MSHs and ACTH bind to the extracellular G-protein coupled melanocortin receptors (MCRs) of which there are five subtypes. The MC3R and MC4R show widespread expression in the central nervous system (CNS), whilst there is low level expression of MC1R and MC5R. In the CNS, cell bodies for POMC are mainly located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. Both of these areas have well defined functions relating to appetite and food intake. Mouse knockouts (ko) for pomc, mc4r and mc3r all show an obese phenotype, as do humans expressing mutations of POMC and MC4R. Recently, human subjects with specific mutations in beta-MSH have been found to be obese too, as have mice with engineered beta-endorphin deficiency. The CNS POMC system has other functions, including regulation of sexual behaviour, lactation, the reproductive cycle and possibly central cardiovascular control. However, this review will focus on feeding behaviour and link it in with the neuroanatomy of the POMC neurones in the hypothalamus and brainstem.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1743-7075-4-18

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Leptin/LepRb/JAK2/STAT3 signaling plays major roles in energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function through upregulation of POMC and downregulation of AgRP.

    “Leptin/LepRb/JAK2/STAT3 signaling plays major roles in energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine function”

    From Targeting Janus Kinases and Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 To Treat Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Cancer: Rationale, Progress, and Caution (2020) · cites this paper as Millington, 2007

    The Background section (“Leptin and hypothalamic regulation”; page unavailable) describes leptin acting through LEPRB on feeding-related neurons and activating POMC neurons. The AgRP section also reports higher agrp and lower pomc expression in leptin-deficient mice, supporting the proposed directions of regulation. Our copy does not establish the full LepRb/JAK2/STAT3 pathway or attribute a major role in neuroendocrine function to that pathway. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 198 · Cited by 345

Research works printed but not linked: 175

  1. Millington GWM Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors Clin Experimental Dermatol 2006 31 407 412 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x 16681590 · DOI
  2. Theogaraj E John CD Christian HC Morris JF Smith SF Buckingham JC Perinatal glucocorticoid treatment produces molecular, functional, and morphological changes in the anterior pituitary gland of the adult male rat Endocrinology 2005 146 4804 4813 16099861 10.1210/en.2005-0500 · DOI
  3. Sawchenko PE Brown ER Chan RKW Ericsson A Li H-Y Roland BL Kovács KJ The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the functional neuroanatomy of visceromotor responses to stress Prog Brain Res 1996 107 201 222 8782521
  4. Catania A Airaghi L Colombo G Lipton JM α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in normal human physiology and disease states Trends Endocrinol Metab 2000 11 304 308 10996524 10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00296-4 · DOI
  5. Millington GWM Buckingham JC Thymic peptides and neuroendocrine immune communication J Endocrinol 1992 133 163 168 1613418
  6. Van der Ploeg LHT Martin WJ Howard AD Nargund RP Austin CP Guan X Drisko J Cashen D Sebhat I Patchett AA Figueroa DJ DiLella AG Connolly BM Weinberg DH Tan CP Palyha OC Pong S-S MacNeil T Rosenblum C Vongs A Tang R Yu H Sailer AW Fong TM Huang C Tota MR Chang RS Stearns R Tamvakopoulos C Christ G Drazen DL Spar DB Nelson J MacIntyre DE A role for the melanocortin 4receptor in sexual function Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002 99 11381 11386 12172010 10.1073/pnas.172378699 PMC123265 · DOI
  7. Coll AP Farooqi IS Challis BG Yeo GS O'Rahilly S Proopiomelanocortin and energy balance: insights from human and murine genetics J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004 89 2557 2562 15181023 10.1210/jc.2004-0428 · DOI
  8. Yaswen L Diehl N Brennan MD Hochgeschwender U Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin Nat Med 1999 5 1066 1070 10470087 10.1038/12506 · DOI
  9. Challis BG Coll AP Yeo GSH Pinnock SB Dickson SL Thresher RR Dixon J Zahn D Rochford JJ White A Oliver RL Millington GWM Aparicio SA Colledge WH Russ AP Carlton MB O'Rahilly S Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY3–36 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 4695 4700 15070780 10.1073/pnas.0306931101 PMC384809 · DOI
  10. Jobst EE Enriori PJ Cowley MA The electrophysiology of feeding circuits Trends Endocrinol Metab 2004 15 488 499 15541648 10.1016/j.tem.2004.10.007 · DOI
  11. Spiegelman BM Flier JS Obesity and the regulation of energy balance Cell 2001 104 531 543 11239410 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00240-9 · DOI · Paper page
  12. Flier JS Obesity wars: molecular progress confronts an expanding epidemic Cell 2004 116 337 350 14744442 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)01081-X · DOI
  13. Schwartz MW Woods SC Porte D Seeley RJ Baskin DG Central nervous system control of food intake Nature 2000 404 661 671 10766253
  14. Schwartz MW Porte D Diabetes, obesity, and the brain Science 2005 307 375 379 15662002 10.1126/science.1104344 · DOI · Paper page
  15. Fry M Hoyda ED Ferguson AV Making sense of it: roles of the sensory circumventricular organs in feeding and regulation of energy homeostasis Exp Biol Med 2007 232 14 26 17202582
  16. Elmquist JK Bjørbæk C Ahima RS Flier JS Saper CB Distributions of leptin receptor mRNA isoforms in the rat brain J Comp Neurol 1998 395 535 547 9619505 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19980615)395:4<535::AID-CNE9>3.0.CO;2-2 · DOI
  17. Håkansson M-L Brown H Ghilardi N Skoda RC Meister B Leptin receptor immunoreactivity in chemically defined target neurons of the hypothalamus J Neurosci 1998 18 559 572 9412531 PMC6793379
  18. Munzberg H Huo L Nillni EA Hollenberg AN Bjorbaek C Role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in regulation of hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin gene expression by leptin Endocrinology 2003 144 2121 2131 12697721 10.1210/en.2002-221037 · DOI · Paper page
  19. Drouin J Nemer M Charron J Gagner J-P Jeannotte L Sun YL Therrien M Tremblay Y Tissue specific activity of the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene and repression by glucorticoids Genome 1989 31 510 519 2698828
  20. de Souza FS Santangelo AM Bumaschny V Avale ME Smart JL Low MJ Rubinstein M Identification of neuronal enhancers of the proopiomelanocortin gene by transgenic mouse analysis and phylogenetic footprinting Mol Cell Biol 2005 25 3076 3086 15798195 10.1128/MCB.25.8.3076-3086.2005 PMC1069613 · DOI
  21. Allen RG Orwell E Kendall JW Herbert E Paxton H The distribution of forms of adrenocorticotropin and beta-endorphin in normal, tumorous, and autopsy human pituitary tissue: virtual absence of 13K adrenocorticotropin J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980 51 376 380 6249841
  22. Allen RG Hatfield JM Stack J Ronnekleiv O Posttranslational processing of proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived peptides during fetal monkey pituitary development. Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and α-melanotropins (α-MSHs) Dev Biol 1988 126 164 172 2963776 10.1016/0012-1606(88)90249-7 · DOI
  23. Bateman A Solomon S Bennett HPJ Post-translational modification of bovine pro-opiomelanocortin J Biol Chem 1990 265 22130 22136 2266117
  24. Cool DR Normant E Shen F Chen H-C Pannell L Zhang Y Loh YP Carboxypeptidase E is a regulated secretory pathway sorting receptor: genetic obliteration leads to endocrine disorders in Cpefat mice Cell 1997 88 73 83 9019408 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81860-7 · DOI
  25. Day R Schafer MK-H Watson SJ Chrétien M Seidah NG Distribution and regulation of the prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 in the rat pituitary Mol Endocrinol 1992 6 485 497 1316544 10.1210/me.6.3.485 · DOI
  26. Seidah NG Fournier H Boileau G Benjannet S Rondeau N Chrétien M The cDNA structure of the porcine pro-hormone convertase PC2 and the comparative processing by PC1 and PC2 of the N-terminal glycopeptide segment of porcine POMC FEBS Lett 1992 310 235 239 1397279 10.1016/0014-5793(92)81339-N · DOI
  27. Zhou A Bloomquist BT Mains RE The prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 mediate district endoproteolytic cleavages in a strict temporal order during proopiomelanocortin biosynthetic processing J Biol Chem 1993 268 1763 1769 8380577
  28. Evans VR Manning AB Bernard LH Chronwall BM Millington WR α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and N-acetyl-β-endorphin immunoreactivities are localized in the human pituitary but are not restricted to the zona intermedia Endocrinology 1994 134 97 106 8275975 10.1210/en.134.1.97 · DOI
  29. Paquet L Zhou A Chang EY Mains RE Peptide biosynthetic processing: distinguishing prohormone convertases PC1 and PC2 Mol Cell Endocrinol 1996 120 161 168 8832576 10.1016/0303-7207(96)03834-8 · DOI
  30. Bertagna X Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994 23 467 485 7805649
  31. Miller R Aaron W Toneff T Vishnuvardhan D Beinfeld MC Hook VYH Obliteration of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone derived from POMC in pituitary and brains of PC2-deficient mice J Neurochem 2003 86 556 563 12859669 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01856.x · DOI
  32. Dong W Marcinkiewicz M Vieau D Chrétien M Seidah NG Day R Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary J Neurosci 1995 15 1778 1796 7891135 PMC6578130
  33. Loh YP Parish DC Tuteja R Purification and characterization of a paired basic residue-specific pro-opiomelanocortin converting enzyme from bovine pituitary intermediate lobe secretory vesicles J Biol Chem 1985 260 7194 7205 2987247
  34. Pritchard LE Turnbull AV White A Pro-opiomelanocortin processing in the hypothalamus: impact on melanocortin signalling and obesity J Endocrinol 2002 172 411 421 11874690 10.1677/joe.0.1720411 · DOI
  35. Jackson RS Creemers JWM Ohagi S Raffin-Sanson M-L Sanders L Montague CT Hutton JC O'Rahilly S Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1gene Nat Genet 1997 16 303 306 9207799 10.1038/ng0797-303 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Gabreels BA Swaab DF de Kleijn DP Seidah NG Van de Loo JW Van de Ven WJ Martens GJ van Leeuwen FW Attenuation of the polypeptide 7B2, prohormone convertase PC2, and vasopressin in the hypothalamus of some Prader-Willi patients: indications for a processing defect J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 83 591 599 9467579 10.1210/jc.83.2.591 · DOI
  37. Challis BG Pritchard LE Creemers JWM Delplanque J Keogh JM Luan J Wareham NJ Yeo GSH Bhattacharyya S Froguel P White A Farooqi IS O'Rahilly S A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism Hum Mol Genet 2002 11 1997 2004 12165561 10.1093/hmg/11.17.1997 · DOI
  38. Lee YS Challis BG Thompson DA Yeo GS Keogh JM Madonna ME Wraight V Sims M Vatin V Meyre D Shield J Burren C Ibrahim Z Cheetham T Swift P Blackwood A Hung CC Wareham NJ Froguel P Millhauser GL O'Rahilly S Farooqi IS A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance Cell Metab 2006 3 135 140 16459314 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.006 · DOI
  39. Millington GWM Tung YCL Hewson AK O'Rahilly S Dickson SL Differential effects of α-, β- and γ2-melanocyte-stimulating hormones on hypothalamic neuronal activation and feeding in the fasted rat Neuroscience 2001 108 437 445 11738258 10.1016/S0306-4522(01)00428-6 · DOI
  40. Hinney A Becker I Heibült O Nottebom K Schmidt A Ziegler A Mayer H Siegfried W Blum WF Remschmidt H Hebebrand J Systematic mutation screening of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene: identification of several genetic variants including three different insertions, one nonsense and two missense point mutations in probands of different weight extremes J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998 83 3737 3741 9768693 10.1210/jc.83.10.3737 · DOI
  41. Comuzzie AG Hixson JE Almasy L Mitchell BD Mahaney MC Dyer TD Stern MP MacCluer JW Blangero J A major quantitative trait locus determining serum leptin levels and fat mass is located on human chromosome 2 Nat Genet 1997 15 273 276 9054940 10.1038/ng0397-273 · DOI
  42. Hixson JE Almasy L Cole S Birnbaum S Mitchell BD Mahaney MC Stern MP MacCluer JW Blangero J Comuzzie AG Normal variation in leptin levels is associated with polymorphisms in the proopiomelanocortin gene, POMC J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999 84 3187 3191 10487685 10.1210/jc.84.9.3187 · DOI
  43. Getting SJ Targeting melanocortin receptors as potential novel therapeutics Pharmacol Ther 2006 111 1 15 16488018 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.022 · DOI
  44. Bouret SG Draper SJ Simerly RB Formation of projection pathways from the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus to hypothalamic regions implicated in the neural control of feeding behaviour in mice J Neurosci 2004 24 2797 2805 15028773 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5369-03.2004 PMC6729527 · DOI
  45. Dhillo WS Small CJ Stanley SA Jethwa PH Seal LJ Murphy KG Ghatei MA Bloom SR Hypothalamic interactions between neuropeptide Y, agouti-related protein, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in vitro in male rats J Neuroendocrinol 2002 14 725 730 12213133 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00832.x · DOI
  46. Mizuno TM Kleopoulos SP Bergen HT Roberts JL Priest CA Mobbs CV Hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA is reduced by fasting and in ob/ob and db/db mice, but is stimulated by leptin Diabetes 1998 47 294 297 9519731 10.2337/diabetes.47.2.294 · DOI
  47. Hagan MM Rushing PA Schwartz MW Yagaloff KA Burn P Woods SC Seeley RJ Role of the CNS melanocortin system in the response to overfeeding J Neurosci 1999 19 2362 2367 10066286 PMC6782542
  48. Wilding JPH Ajala MO Lambert PD Bloom SR Additive effects of lactation and food restriction to increase hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA in rats J Endocrinol 1997 152 365 369 9071956 10.1677/joe.0.1520365 · DOI
  49. Garcia de Yebenes E Li S Fournier A St-Pierre S Pelletier G Regulation of proopiomelanocortin gene expression by neuropeptide Y in the rat arcuate nucleus Brain Res 1995 674 112 116 7773678 10.1016/0006-8993(94)01429-L · DOI
  50. Haskell-Luevano C Chen P Li C Chang K Smith MS Cameron JL Cone RD Characterization of the neuroanatomical distribution of agouti-related protein immunoreactivity in the rhesus monkey and the rat Endocrinology 1999 140 1408 1415 10067869 10.1210/en.140.3.1408 · DOI
  51. Gropp E Shanabrough M Borok E Xu AW Janoschek R Buch T Plum L Balthasar N Hampel B Waisman A Barsh GS Horvath TL Bruning JC Agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons are mandatory for feeding Nat Neurosci 2005 8 1289 1291 16158063 10.1038/nn1548 · DOI
  52. Marks DL Boucher N Lanouette CM Perusse L Brookhart G Comuzzie AG Chagnon YC Cone RD Ala67Thr polymorphism in the Agouti-related peptide gene is associated with inherited leanness in humans Am J Med Genet 2004 126 267 271 10.1002/ajmg.a.20600 15054840 · DOI
  53. Larsen PJ Vrang N Tang-Christensen M Jensen PB Hay-Schmidt A Romer J Bjerre-Knudsen L Kristensen P Ups and downs for neuropeptides in body weight homeostasis: pharmacological potential of cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript and pre-proglucagon-derived peptides Eur J Pharmacol 2002 440 159 172 12007533 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01426-7 · DOI
  54. Bell ME Bhatnagar S Akana SF Choi S Dallman MF Disruption of arcuate/paraventricular nucleus connections changes body energy balance and response to acute stress J Neurosci 2000 20 6707 6713 10964976 PMC6772961
  55. Takahashi KA Cone RD Fasting induces a large, leptin-dependent increase in the intrinsic action potential frequency of orexigenic arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y/agouti-related protein neurons Endocrinology 2005 146 1043 1047 15591135 10.1210/en.2004-1397 · DOI · Paper page
  56. Raposinho PD White RB Aubert ML The melanocortin agonist Melanotan-II reduces the orexigenic and adipogenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) but does not affect the NPY-driven suppressive effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in the male rat J Neuroendocrinol 2003 15 173 181 12535159 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2003.00962.x · DOI
  57. Mounien L Bizet P Boutelet I Vaudry H Jegou S Expression of melanocortin MC3 and MC4 receptor mRNAs by neuropeptide Y neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus Neuroendocrinology 2006 82 164 170 16508337 10.1159/000091737 · DOI
  58. Cowley MA Smart JL Rubinstein M Cerdán MG Diano S Horvath TL Cone RD Low MJ Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus Nature 2001 411 480 484 11373681 10.1038/35078085 · DOI · Paper page
  59. Rao TL Kokare DM Sarkar S Khisti RT Chopde CT Subhedar N GABAergic agents prevent alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone induced anxiety and anorexia in rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2003 76 417 423 14643840 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.08.016 · DOI
  60. Roseberry AG Liu H Jackson AC Cai X Friedman JM Neuropeptide Y-mediated inhibition of proopiomelanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus shows enhanced desensitization in ob/ob mice Neuron 2004 41 711 722 15003171 10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00074-1 · DOI
  61. Hentges ST Nishiyama M Overstreet LS Stenzel-Poore M Williams JT Low MJ GABA release from proopiomelanocortin neurons J Neurosci 2004 24 1578 1583 14973227 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3952-03.2004 PMC6730447 · DOI
  62. Collin M Backberg M Ovesjo ML Fisone G Edwards RH Fujiyama F Meister B Plasma membrane and vesicular glutamate transporter mRNAs/proteins in hypothalamic neurons that regulate body weight Eur J Neurosci 2003 18 1265 1278 12956725 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02840.x · DOI
  63. Kiss J Csaba Z Csaki A Halasz B Glutaminergic innervation of neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin-containing neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of the rat Eur J Neurosci 2005 21 2111 2119 15869507 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04012.x · DOI
  64. Dinulescu DM Cone RD Agouti and agouti-related protein: analogies and contrasts J Biol Chem 2000 275 6695 6698 10702221 10.1074/jbc.275.10.6695 · DOI
  65. Pritchard LE White A Agouti-related protein: more than a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist? Peptides 2005 26 1759 1770 15996791 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.11.036 · DOI
  66. Nijenhuis WA Oosterom J Adan RA AgRP (83–132) acts as an inverse agonist on the human-melanocortin-4 receptor Mol Endocrinol 2001 15 164 171 11145747 10.1210/me.15.1.164 · DOI
  67. Day DE Bartness TJ Agouti-related protein increases food hoarding more than food intake in Siberian hamsters Am J Physiol 2004 286 R38 45 14500267
  68. Marsh DJ Hollopeter G Huszar D Laufer R Yagaloff KA Fisher SL Burn P Palmiter RD Response of melanocortin-4 receptor-deficient mice to anorectic and orexigenic peptides Nat Genet 1999 21 119 122 9916804 10.1038/5070 · DOI
  69. Ollmann MM Wilson BD Yang Y-K Kerns JA Chen Y Gantz I Barsh GS Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein Science 1997 278 135 138 9311920 10.1126/science.278.5335.135 · DOI · Paper page
  70. Shutter JR Graham M Kinsey AC Scully S Luthy R Stark KL Hypothalamic expression of ART, a novel gene related to agouti is upregulated in obese and diabetic mutant mice Genes Dev 1997 11 593 602 9119224 10.1101/gad.11.5.593 · DOI
  71. Batterham RL Cowley MA Small CJ Herzog H Cohen MA Dakin CL Wren AM Brynes AE Low MJ Ghatei MA Cone RD Bloom SR Gut hormone PYY3–36 physiologically inhibits food intake Nature 2002 418 650 654 12167864 10.1038/nature00887 · DOI · Paper page
  72. Challis BG Pinnock SB Coll AP Carter RN Dickson SL O'Rahilly S Acute effects of PYY3–36 on food intake and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression in the mouse Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003 311 915 919 14623268 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.089 · DOI
  73. Nonaka N Shioda S Niehoff ML Banks WA Characterization of blood-brain barrier permeability to PYY3–36 in the mouse J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003 306 948 953 12750431 10.1124/jpet.103.051821 · DOI
  74. Ghamari-Langroudi M Colmers WF Cone RD PYY3-36 inhibits the action potential firing activity of POMC neurons of arcuate nucleus through postsynaptic Y2 receptors Cell Metab 2005 2 191 199 16154101 10.1016/j.cmet.2005.08.003 · DOI
  75. Halatchev IG Ellacott KLJ Fan W Cone RD Peptide YY3–36 inhibits food intake in mice through a melanocortin-4 receptor-independent mechanism Endocrinology 2004 145 2585 2590 15016721 10.1210/en.2003-1754 · DOI
  76. Hahm S Fekete C Mizuno TM Windsor J Yan H Boozer CN Lee C Elmquist JK Lechan RM Mobbs CV Salton SRJ VGF is required for obesity induced by diet, gold thioglucose treatment, and agouti and is differentially regulated in pro-opiomelanocortin- and neuropeptide Y-containing arcuate neurons in response to fasting J Neurosci 2002 22 6929 6938 12177191 PMC6757869
  77. Barrett P Ross AW Balik A Littlewood PA Mercer JG Moar KM Sallmen T Kaslin J Panula P Schuhler S Ebling FJ Ubeaud C Morgan PJ Photoperiodic regulation of histamine H3 receptor and VGF messenger ribonucleic acid in the arcuate nucleus of the Siberian hamster Endocrinology 2005 146 1930 1939 15618354 10.1210/en.2004-1452 · DOI
  78. Bedecs K Berthold M Bartfai T Galanin – 10 years with a neuroendocrine peptide Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995 27 337 349 7540497 10.1016/1357-2725(95)00008-D · DOI
  79. Mitchell V Habert-Ortoli E Epelbaum J Aubert J-P Beauvillain J-C Semiquantitative distribution of galanin-receptor (GAL-R1) mRNA-containing cells in the male rat hypothalamus Neuroendocrinology 1997 66 160 172 9380273
  80. Poulain P Decrocq N Mitchell V Direct inhibitory action of galanin on hypothalamic arcuate nucleus neurones expressing galanin receptor Gal-R1 mRNA Neuroendocrinology 2003 78 105 117 12915763 10.1159/000071966 · DOI
  81. Fan W Ellacott KL Halatchev IG Takahashi K Yu P Cone RD Cholecystokinin-mediated suppression of feeding involves the brainstem melanocortin system Nat Neurosci 2004 7 335 336 15034587 10.1038/nn1214 · DOI
  82. Appleyard SM Bailey TW Doyle MW Jin YH Smart JL Low MJ Andresen MC Proopiomelanocortin neurons in nucleus tractus solitarius are activated by visceral afferents: regulation by cholecystokinin and opioids J Neurosci 2005 25 3578 3585 15814788 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4177-04.2005 PMC6725389 · DOI
  83. Mountjoy KG Mortrud MT Low MJ Simerly RB Cone RD Localization of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain Mol Endocrinol 1994 8 1298 1308 7854347 10.1210/me.8.10.1298 · DOI
  84. Zheng H Patterson LM Phifer CB Berthoud HR Brain stem melanocortinergic modulation of meal size and identification of hypothalamic POMC projections Am J Physiol 2005 289 R247 R258 15746303
  85. Sachot C Rummel C Bristow AF Luheshi GN The role of the vagus nerve in mediating the long-term anorectic effects of leptin J Neuroendocrinol 2007 19 250 261 17355316 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01528.x · DOI
  86. Huo L Grill HJ Bjorbaek C Divergent regulation of proopiomelanocortin neurons by leptin in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus Diabetes 2006 55 567 573 16505217 10.2337/diabetes.55.03.06.db05-1143 · DOI
  87. Shigemura N Ohta R Kusakabe Y Miura H Hino A Koyano K Nakashima K Ninomiya Y Leptin modulates behavioral responses to sweet substances by influencing peripheral taste structures Endocrinology 2004 145 839 847 14592964 10.1210/en.2003-0602 · DOI · Paper page
  88. Huszar D Lynch CA Fairchild-Huntress V Dunmore JH Fang Q Berkemeier LR Gu W Kesterson RA Boston BA Cone RD Smith FJ Campfield LA Burn P Lee F Targeted disruption of the melanocortin-4 receptor results in obesity in mice Cell 1997 88 131 141 9019399 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81865-6 · DOI · Paper page
  89. Vaisse C Clement K Guy-Grand B Froguel P A frameshift mutation in human MC4R is associated with a dominant form of obesity Nat Genet 1998 20 113 114 9771699 10.1038/2407 · DOI
  90. Yeo GSH Farooqi IS Aminian S Halsall DJ Stanhope RG O'Rahilly S A frameshift mutation in MC4R associated with dominantly inherited human obesity Nat Genet 1998 20 111 112 9771698 10.1038/2404 · DOI · Paper page
  91. Cone RD The central melanocortin system and energy homeostasis Trends Endocrinol Metab 1999 10 211 216 10407394 10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00153-8 · DOI
  92. Lubrano-Berthelier C Durand E Dubern B Shapiro A Dazin P Weill J Ferron C Froguel P Vaisse C Intracellular retention is a common characteristic of childhood obesity-associated MC4R mutations Hum Mol Genet 2003 12 145 153 12499395 10.1093/hmg/ddg016 · DOI
  93. Nijenhuis WAJ Garner KM van Rozen RJ Adan RAH Poor cell surface expression of human melanocortin-4 receptor mutations associated with obesity J Biol Chem 2003 278 22939 22945 12690102 10.1074/jbc.M211326200 · DOI
  94. Mohammad S Baldini G Granell S Narducci P Martelli AM Baldini G Constitutive traffic of melanocortin-4 receptor in Neuro2A cells and immortalized hypothalamic neurons J Biol Chem 2007 282 4963 4974 17166828 10.1074/jbc.M608283200 · DOI
  95. Loos RJ Rankinen T Tremblay A Perusse L Chagnon Y Bouchard C Melanocortin-4 receptor gene and physical activity in the Quebec Family Study Int J Obes 2005 29 420 428 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802869 15597110 · DOI
  96. Liu H Kishi T Roseberry AG Cai X Lee CE Montez JM Friedman JM Elmquist JK Transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the melanocortin-4 receptor promoter J Neurosci 2003 23 7143 7154 12904474 PMC6740648
  97. Lu D Willard D Patel IR Kadwell S Overton L Kost T Luther M Chen W Woychik RP Wilkison WO Cone RD Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor Nature 1994 71 799 802 7935841 10.1038/371799a0 · DOI
  98. Fan W Boston BA Kesterson RA Hruby VJ Cone RD Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome Nature 1997 385 165 168 8990120 10.1038/385165a0 · DOI
  99. Benoit SC Schwartz MW Lachey JL Hagan MM Rushing PA Blake KA Yagaloff KA Kurylko G Franco L Danhoo W Seeley RJ A novel selective melanocortin-4 receptor agonist reduces food intake in rats and mice without producing aversive consequences J Neurosci 2000 20 3442 3448 10777807 PMC6773132
  100. Fehm HL Smolnik R Kern W McGregor GP Bickel U Born J The melanocortin melanocyte-stimulating hormone/adrenocorticotropin4–10 decreases body fat in humans J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 86 1144 1148 11238499 10.1210/jc.86.3.1144 · DOI
  101. Benoit SC Clegg DJ Barrera JG Seeley RJ Woods SC Learned meal initiation attenuates the anorexic effects of the melanocortin agonist MTII Diabetes 2003 52 2684 2688 14578286 10.2337/diabetes.52.11.2684 · DOI
  102. Trevaskis JL Butler AA Double leptin and melanocortin-4 receptor gene mutations have an additive effect on fat mass and are associated with reduced effects of leptin on weight loss and food intake Endocrinology 2005 146 4257 4265 15994342 10.1210/en.2005-0492 · DOI
  103. Butler AA Kesterson RA Khong K Cullen MJ Pelleymounter MA Dekoning J Baetscher M Cone RD A unique metabolic syndrome causes obesity in the melanocortin-3 receptor-deficient mouse Endocrinology 2000 141 3518 3521 10965927 10.1210/en.141.9.3518 · DOI
  104. Chen AS Marsh DJ Trumbauer ME Frazier EG Guan X-M Yu H Rosenblum CI Vongs A Feng Y Cao L Metzger JM Strack AM Camacho RE Mellin TN Nunes CN Min W Fisher J Gopal-Truter S MacIntyre DE Chen HY Van der Ploeg LHT Inactivation of the mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass Nat Genet 2000 26 97 102 10973258 10.1038/79254 · DOI
  105. Sutton GM Trevaskis JL Hulver MW McMillan RP Markward NJ Babin MJ Meyer EA Butler AA Diet-genotype interactions in the development of the obese, insulin-resistant phenotype of C57BL/6J mice lacking melanocortin-3 or -4 receptors Endocrinology 2006 147 2183 2196 16469808 10.1210/en.2005-1209 PMC2735103 · DOI
  106. Schalin-Jäntti C Valli-Jaakola K Oksanen L Martelin E Laitinen K Krusius T Mustajoki P Heikinheimo M Kontula K Melanocortin-3-receptor gene variants in morbid obesity Int J Obes 2003 27 70 74 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802184 12532156 · DOI
  107. Zhang Y Kilroy GE Henegan TM Prpic-Uhing V Richards WG Bannon AW Mynatt RL Gettys TW Targeted deletion of melanocortin receptor subtypes 3 and 4, but not CART, alters nutrient portioning and compromises behavioral and metabolic responses to leptin FASEB J 2005 19 1482 1491 16126916 10.1096/fj.05-3851com · DOI
  108. Roselli-Rehfuss L Mountjoy KG Robbins LS Mortrud MT Low MJ Tatro JB Entwistle ML Simerly RB Cone RD Identification of a receptor for γ melanotropin and other proopiomelanocortin peptides in the hypothalamus and limbic system Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993 90 8856 8860 8415620 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8856 PMC47459 · DOI
  109. Jégou S Boutelet I Vaudry H Melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA expression in pro-opiomelanocortin neurones of the rat arcuate nucleus J Neuroendocrinol 2000 12 501 505 10844578 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00477.x · DOI
  110. Chen YY Pelletier G Demonstration of contacts between proopiomelanocortin neurons in the rat hypothalamus Neurosci Lett 1983 43 271 276 6324045 10.1016/0304-3940(83)90200-8 · DOI
  111. Tung YCL Piper SJ Yeung D O'Rahilly S Coll AP A comparative study of the central effects of specific proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-derived melanocortin peptides on food intake and body weight in Pomc null mice Endocrinology 2007 147 5940 5947 16959830 10.1210/en.2006-0866 PMC2204083 · DOI
  112. Tsigos C Crosby SR Gibson S Young RJ White A Proopiomelanocortin is the predominant adrenocorticotropin-related peptide in human cerebrospinal fluid J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993 76 620 624 8383142 10.1210/jc.76.3.620 · DOI
  113. Pritchard LE Oliver RL McLoughlin JD Birtles S Lawrence CB Turnbull AV White A Proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in rat cerebrospinal fluid and hypothalamic extracts: evidence that secretion is regulated with respect to energy balance Endocrinology 2003 144 760 766 12586751 10.1210/en.2002-220866 · DOI
  114. Abbott CR Rossi M Kim M-S Al Ahmed SH Taylor GM Ghatei MA Smith DM Bloom SR Investigation of the melanocyte stimulating hormones on food intake. Lack of evidence to support a role for the melanocortin-3-receptor Brain Res 2000 869 203 210 10865075 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02386-6 · DOI
  115. Kask A Rägo L Wikberg JES Schiöth HB Differential effects of melanocortin peptides on ingestive behaviour in rats: evidence against the involvement of MC3 receptor in the regulation of food intake Neurosci Lett 2000 283 1 4 10729619 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00837-5 · DOI
  116. Loh Y Eskay RL Brownstein M MSH-like peptides in rat brain: identification and changes in level during development Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1980 94 916 923 7396941 10.1016/0006-291X(80)91322-4 · DOI
  117. Guo L Munzberg H Stuart RC Nillni EA Bjorbaek C N-acetylation of hypothalamic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and regulation by leptin Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 11797 11802 15280541 10.1073/pnas.0403165101 PMC511054 · DOI
  118. Schiöth HB Muceniece R Larsson M Mutulis F Szardenings M Prusis P Lindeberg G Wikberg JES Binding of cyclic and linear MSH core peptides to the melanocortin receptor subtypes Eur J Pharmacol 1997 319 369 373 9042613 10.1016/S0014-2999(96)00959-4 · DOI
  119. Hsiung HM Hertel J Zhang XY Smith DP Smiley DL Heiman ML Yang DD Husain S Mayer JP Zhang L Mo H Yan LZ A novel and selective beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-derived peptide agonist for melanocortin 4. receptor potently decreased food intake and body weight gain in diet-induced obese rats Endocrinology 2005 146 5257 5266 16166226 10.1210/en.2005-0177 · DOI
  120. Biebermann H Castaneda TR van Landeghem F von Deimling A Escher F Brabant G Hebebrand J Hinney A Tschop MH Gruters A Krude H A role for beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human body-weight regulation Cell Metab 2006 3 141 146 16459315 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.007 · DOI
  121. Grandison L Guidotti A Stimulation of food intake by muscimol and beta endorphin Neuropharmacology 1977 16 533 536 917261 10.1016/0028-3908(77)90019-3 · DOI
  122. Jackson HC Sewell RDE Are δ-opioid receptors involved in the regulation of food and water intake? Neuropharmacology 1985 24 885 888 2997654 10.1016/0028-3908(85)90040-1 · DOI
  123. Morley JE Levine AS Dynorphin (1–13) induces spontaneous feeding in rats Life Sci 1983 29 1901 1903 7311723 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90522-1 · DOI
  124. Kieffer BL Opioids: first lessons from knockout mice Trends Pharmacol Sci 1999 20 19 26 10101958 10.1016/S0165-6147(98)01279-6 · DOI
  125. Lambert PD Wilding JPH Al-Dokhayel AAM Gilbey SG Bloom SR The effect of central blockade of kappa-opioid receptors on neuropeptide Y-induced feeding in the rat Brain Res 1993 629 146 148 7904531 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90493-7 · DOI
  126. Rubinstein M Mogil JS Japón M Chan EC Allen RG Low MJ Absence of opioid stress-induced analgesia in mice lacking β-endorphin by site-directed mutagenesis Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996 93 3995 4000 8633004 10.1073/pnas.93.9.3995 PMC39474 · DOI
  127. Appleyard SM Hayward M Young JI Butler AA Cone RD Rubinstein M Low MJ A role for the endogenous opioid beta-endorphin in energy homeostasis Endocrinology 2003 144 1753 1760 12697680 10.1210/en.2002-221096 · DOI
  128. Zhang R Hisano S Chikamori-Aoyama M Daikoku S Synaptic association between enkephalin-containing axon terminals and proopiomelanocortin-containing neurons in the arcuate nucleus of rat hypothalamus Neurosci Lett 1987 82 151 156 3696489 10.1016/0304-3940(87)90120-0 · DOI
  129. Will MJ Franzblau EB Kelley AE Nucleus accumbens μ-opioids regulate intake of a high-fat diet via activation of a distributed brain network J Neurosci 2003 23 2882 2888 12684475 PMC6742055
  130. Balthasar N Dalgaard LT Lee CE Yu J Funahashi H Williams T Ferreira M Tang V McGovern RA Kenny CD Christiansen LM Edelstein E Choi B Boss O Aschkenasi C Zhang CY Mountjoy K Kishi T Elmquist JK Lowell BB Divergence of melanocortin pathways in the control of food intake and energy expenditure Cell 2005 123 493 505 16269339 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.035 · DOI
  131. McMinn JE Wilkinson CW Havel PJ Woods SC Schwartz MW Effect of intracerebroventricular α-MSH on food intake, adiposity, c-Fos induction, and neuropeptide expression Am J Physiol 2000 279 R695 R703 10938261
  132. Davidowa H Li Y Plagemann A Altered responses to orexigenic (AGRP, MCH) and anorexigenic (α-MSH, CART) neuropeptides of paraventricular hypothalamic neurons in early postnatally overfed rats Eur J Neurosci 2003 18 613 621 12911757 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02789.x · DOI
  133. Kim EM Grace MK O'Hare E Billington CJ Levine AS Injection of alpha-MSH, but not beta-endorphin, into the PVN decreases POMC gene expression in the ARC Neuroreport 2002 13 497 500 11930169 10.1097/00001756-200203250-00028 · DOI
  134. Barnikol-Watanabe S Gross NA Gotz H Henkel T Karabinos A Kratzin H Barnikol HU Hilschmann N Human protein NEFA, a novel DNA binding/EF-hand/leucine zipper protein: molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA, isolation and characterization of the protein Biol Chem Hoppe-Seyler 1994 375 497 512 7811391
  135. Caldwell GM Eddy RL Day CD Haley LH Cooper PR Sait SSJ Hejtmancik F Smith RJH Morton CC Higgins MJ Shows TB Mapping of genes and transcribed sequences in a gene rich 400-kb region on human chromosome 11p15.1-p14 Cytogenet Cell Genet 2001 92 103 107 11306805 10.1159/000056877 · DOI
  136. Oh-I S Shimizu H Satoh J Okada S Adachi S Inoue K Eguchi H Yamamoto M Imaki T Hashimoto K Tsuchiya T Monden T Horiguchi K Yamada M Mori M Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus Nature 2006 443 709 712 17036007 10.1038/nature05162 · DOI
  137. Fekete C Légrádi G Mihály E Tatro JB Rand WM Lechan RM α-melanocyte stimulating hormone prevents fasting-induced suppression of corticotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus Neurosci Lett 2000 289 152 156 10904142 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01256-8 · DOI
  138. Lu X-Y Barsh GS Akil H Watson SJ Interaction between α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the regulation of feeding and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal responses J Neurosci 2003 23 7863 7872 12944516 PMC6740604
  139. Kim MS Small CJ Russell SH Morgan DGA Abbott CR AlAhmed SH Hay DL Ghatei MA Smith DM Bloom SR Effects of melanocortin receptor ligands on thyrotropin-releasing hormone release: evidence for the differential roles of melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors J Neuroendocrinol 2002 14 276 282 11963824 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00769.x · DOI
  140. Martin NM Small CJ Sajedi A Liao XH Weiss RE Gardiner JV Ghatei MA Bloom SR Abnormalities of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis in the pro-opiomelanocortin deficient mouse Regul Pept 2004 122 169 172 15491787 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.06.012 · DOI
  141. Anand BK Brobeck JR Localization of a "feeding centre" in the hypothalamus of the rat Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1951 77 323 324 14854036
  142. Bouret SG Draper SJ Simerly RB Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding Science 2004 304 108 110 15064420 10.1126/science.1095004 · DOI
  143. Elias CF Saper CB Maratos-Flier E Tritos NA Lee C Kelly J Tatro JB Hoffman GE Ollmann MM Barsh GS Sakurai T Yanagisawa M Elmquist JK Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area J Comp Neurol 1998 402 442 459 9862320 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<442::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-R · DOI
  144. Abbott CR Kennedy AR Wren AM Rossi M Murphy KG Seal LJ Todd JF Ghatei MA Small CJ Bloom SR Identification of hypothalamic nuclei involved in the orexigenic effect of melanin-concentrating hormone Endocrinology 2003 144 3943 3949 12933668 10.1210/en.2003-0149 · DOI
  145. Rossi M Choi SJ O'Shea D Miyoshi T Ghatei MA Bloom SR Melanin-concentrating hormone acutely stimulates feeding, but chronic administration has no effect on body weight Endocrinology 1997 138 351 355 8977423 10.1210/en.138.1.351 · DOI
  146. Dube MG Kalra SP Kalra PS Food intake elicited by central administration of orexins/hypocretins: identification of hypothalamic sites of action Brain Res 1999 842 473 477 10526145 10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01824-7 · DOI
  147. Horvath TL Diano S van den Pol AN Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: a novel circuit implicated in metabolic and endocrine regulations J Neurosci 1999 19 1072 1087 9920670 PMC6782143
  148. Muroya S Funahashi H Yamanaka A Kohno D Uramura K Nambu T Shibahara M Kuramochi M Takigawa M Yanagisawa M Sakurai T Shioda S Yada T Orexins (hypocretins) directly interact with neuropeptide Y, POMC and glucose-responsive neurons to regulate Ca2+ signaling in a reciprocal manner to leptin: orexigenic neuronal pathways in the mediobasal hypothalamus Eur J Neurosci 2004 19 1524 1534 15066149 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03255.x · DOI
  149. Ma X Zubcevic L Bruning JC Ashcroft FM Burdakov D Electrical inhibition of identified anorexigenic POMC neurons by orexin/hypocretin J Neurosci 2007 27 1529 1533 17301161 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3583-06.2007 PMC6673748 · DOI
  150. Aravich PF Sclafani A Paraventricular hypothalamic lesions and medial hypothalamic knife cuts produce similar hyperphagia syndromes Behav Neurosci 1983 97 970 983 6651967 10.1037/0735-7044.97.6.970 · DOI
  151. Singru PS Fekete C Lechan RM Neuroanatomical evidence for participation of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus (DMN) in regulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone Brain Res 2005 1064 42 51 16336950 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.09.023 · DOI · Paper page
  152. Kesterson RA Huszar D Lynch CA Simerly RB Cone RD Induction of neuropeptide Y gene expression in the dorsal medial hypothalamic nucleus in two models of the agouti obesity syndrome Mol Endocrinol 1997 11 630 637 9139806 10.1210/me.11.5.630 · DOI
  153. Bernardis LL Bellinger LL The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus revisited: 1998 update Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1998 218 284 306 9714072
  154. Weindl A Sofroniew MV The morphology of LRH and oxytocin neurons Exp Brain Res 1981 Suppl 3 1 17 7018916
  155. Park ES Jo S Yi SJ Kim JS Lee HS Lee IS Seo KM Sung JK Lee I Yoon YS Effect of capsaicin on cholecystokinin and neuropeptide Y expression in the brain of high-fat diet fed rats J Vet Med Sci 2004 66 107 114 15031536 10.1292/jvms.66.107 · DOI
  156. Butler AA Marks DL Fan W Kuhn CM Bartolome M Cone RD Melanocortin-4 receptor is required for acute homeostatic responses to increased dietary fat Nat Neurosci 2001 4 605 611 11369941 10.1038/88423 · DOI
  157. Satoh N Ogawa Y Katsuura G Tsuji T Masuzaki H Hiraoka J Okazaki T Tamaki M Hayase M Yoshimasa Y Nishi S Hosoda K Nakao K Pathophysiological significance of the obese gene product, leptin, in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)-lesioned rats: evidence for loss of its satiety effect in VMH-lesioned rats Endocrinology 1997 138 947 954 9048594 10.1210/en.138.3.947 · DOI
  158. Li YZ Davidowa H Food deprivation decreases responsiveness of ventromedial hypothalamic neurons to melanocortins J Neurosci Res 2004 77 596 602 15264229 10.1002/jnr.20192 · DOI
  159. Yeo GS Connie Hung CC Rochford J Keogh J Gray J Sivaramakrishnan S O'Rahilly S Farooqi IS A de novo mutation affecting human TrkB associated with severe obesity and developmental delay Nat Neurosci 2004 7 1187 1189 15494731 10.1038/nn1336 · DOI
  160. Duan W Guo Z Jiang H Ware M Mattson MP Reversal of behavioral and metabolic abnormalities, and insulin resistance syndrome, by dietary restriction in mice deficient in brain-derived neurotrophic factor Endocrinology 2003 144 2446 2453 12746306 10.1210/en.2002-0113 · DOI
  161. Xu B Goulding EH Zang K Cepoi D Cone RD Jones KR Tecott LH Reichardt LF Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor Nat Neurosci 2003 6 736 742 12796784 10.1038/nn1073 PMC2710100 · DOI · Paper page
  162. Zhou X De Schepper J Vergeylen A Luis O Delhase M Hooghe-Peters EL Cafeteria diet-induced obese rats have an increased somatostatin protein content and gene expression in the periventricular nucleus J Endocrinol Invest 1997 20 264 269 9258805
  163. Fodor M Csaba Z Epelbaum J Vaudry H Jegou S Interrelations between hypothalamic somatostatin and proopiomelanocortin neurons J Neuroendocrinol 1998 10 75 78 9535052 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00629.x · DOI
  164. Bassareo V Di Chiara G Differential influence of associative and non-associative learning mechanisms on the responsiveness of prefrontal and accumbal dopamine transmission to food stimuli in rats fed ad libitum J Neurosci 1997 17 851 861 8987806 PMC6573251
  165. Molyneux A Nicotine replacement therapy Br Med J 2004 328 454 456 14976103 10.1136/bmj.328.7437.454 PMC344271 · DOI
  166. Svenningsson P Johansson B Fredholm BB Caffeine-induced expression of c-fos mRNA and NGFI-A mRNA in caudate putamen and in nucleus accumbens are differentially affected by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 Mol Brain Res 1996 35 183 189 8717354 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00202-4 · DOI
  167. Davis M Rainnie D Cassell M Neurotransmission in the rat amygdala related to fear and anxiety Trends Neurosci 1994 17 208 214 7520203 10.1016/0166-2236(94)90106-6 · DOI · Paper page
  168. Merali Z McIntosh J Kent P Michaud D Anisman H Aversive and appetitive events evoke the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and bombesin-like peptides at the central nucleus of the amygdala J Neurosci 1998 18 4758 4766 9614249 PMC6792703
  169. Gu D O'Dell SD Chen X Miller GJ Day INM Evidence of multiple causal sites affecting weight in the IGF2-INS-TH region of human chromosome 11 Hum Genet 2002 110 173 181 11935324 10.1007/s00439-001-0663-5 · DOI
  170. Pearcey SM De Castro JM Food intake and meal patterns of weight-stable and weight-gaining persons Am J Clin Nutr 2002 76 107 112 12081823
  171. Pérusse L Bouchard C Genotype-environment interaction in human obesity Nutr Rev 1999 57 S31 S38 10391023
  172. Farooqi IS O'Rahilly S Monogenic human obesity syndromes Recent Prog Horm Res 2004 59 409 424 14749512 10.1210/rp.59.1.409 · DOI
  173. Michaud JL Rosenquist T May NR Fan C-M Development of neuroendocrine lineages requires the bHLH-PAS transcription factor SIM1 Genes Dev 1998 12 3264 3275 9784500 PMC317216
  174. Kublaoui BM Holder JL Jr Gemelli T Zinn AR Sim1 haploinsufficiency impairs melanocortin-mediated anorexia and activation of paraventricular nucleus neurons Mol Endocrinol 2006 20 2483 2492 16728530 10.1210/me.2005-0483 · DOI
  175. Santoro N Perrone L Cirillo G Raimondo P Amato A Coppola F Santarpia M D'Aniello A Miraglia Del Giudice E Weight loss in obese children carrying the proopiomelanocortin R236G variant J Endocrinol Invest 2006 29 226 230 16682835

Authors
Millington, G. W.
Affiliations
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author
Millington, George WM
ORCID
Millington, George WM
Venue
Nutrition & Metabolism
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2007
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
18
ISSN
1743-7075 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1743-7075-4-18
PMC
PMC2018708
OpenAlex
W2168569995
Cited by
345
References
198
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 11
FWCI
2.59
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Nutrition & Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Wellcome Trust
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
proopiomelanocortin, feeding behaviour, melanocortin receptors, melanocortin 3 receptor, melanocortin-4 receptor, arcuate nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarius, hypothalamus, brainstem, appetite, dietary intake, obesity, beta-MSH, beta-endorphin, ACTH, G protein-coupled receptors, neuroanatomy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review