Cited by 68Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersSchizophrenia research and treatment

DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) polymorphisms independently confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and additively predict affected status in male-only affected sib-pair families

Open access
Hettinger, Joe A, Liu, Xudong, Hudson, Melissa L, Lee, Alana, Cohen, Ira L, Michaelis, Ron C, Schwartz, Charles E, Lewis, Suzanne ME +1 more·2012·Behavioral and Brain Functions

Abstract

Background: The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) modulates executive functions, learning, and emotional processing, all of which are impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Our previous findings suggest a role for dopamine-related genes in families with only affected males. Methods: We examined two additional genes which affect DA function, the DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) genes, in a cohort of 112 male-only affected sib-pair families. Selected polymorphisms spanning these genes were genotyped and both family-based and population-based tests were carried out for association analysis. General discriminant analysis was used to examine the gene-gene interactions in predicting autism susceptibility. Results: There was a significantly increased frequency of the DRD2 rs1800498TT genotype (P = 0.007) in affected males compared to the comparison group, apparently due to over-transmission of the T allele (P = 0.0003). The frequency of the PPP1R1B rs1495099CC genotype in affected males was also higher than that in the comparison group (P = 0.002) due to preferential transmission of the C allele from parents to affected children (P = 0.0009). Alleles rs1800498T and rs1495099C were associated with more severe problems in social interaction (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0016, respectively) and communication (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0046), and increased stereotypic behaviours (P = 0.0021 and P = 0.00072). General discriminant analysis found that the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes additively predicted ASDs (P = 0.00011; Canonical R = 0.26) and explain ~7% of the variance in our families. All findings remained significant following corrections for multiple testing. Conclusion: Our findings support a role for the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes in conferring risk for autism in families with only affected males and show an additive effect of these genes towards prediction of affected status in our families.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/1744-9081-8-19

Cites

81 of 81 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are reported deficits in dopaminergic signaling in autism.

    “This is also congruous with reported deficits in dopaminergic signaling in schizophrenia60 and autism61.”

    From Oxytocin pathway gene networks in the human brain (2019) · cites this paper as [61]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hettinger, J. A., Liu, X., Hudson, M. L., Lee, A., Cohen, I. L., Michaelis, R. C., Schwartz, C. E., Lewis, S. M., & Holden, J. J.
Affiliations
  • Queen's University (CA)
  • Western Carolina University (US)
  • Greenwood Genetic Center (US)
Corresponding author
Holden, Jeanette JA
Venue
Behavioral and Brain Functions
Published
2012-05-04
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
19-19
ISSN
1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2096348466
Cited by
68
References
80
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
FWCI
2.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Open Collections
Funders
  • Autism Speaks
  • Michael Smith Health Research BC
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research (43820)
  • National Institute of Mental Health
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, DRD2, DARPP-32, dopamine, genetic polymorphism, gene-gene interaction, social interaction difficulties, communication difficulties, stereotypy
MeSH terms
Alleles, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Genotype, Humans, Male, Linkage Disequilibrium, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Siblings, Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32, Genetic Loci, Genetic Association Studies

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review