DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) polymorphisms independently confer increased risk for autism spectrum disorders and additively predict affected status in male-only affected sib-pair families
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Background: The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) modulates executive functions, learning, and emotional processing, all of which are impaired in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Our previous findings suggest a role for dopamine-related genes in families with only affected males. Methods: We examined two additional genes which affect DA function, the DRD2 and PPP1R1B (DARPP-32) genes, in a cohort of 112 male-only affected sib-pair families. Selected polymorphisms spanning these genes were genotyped and both family-based and population-based tests were carried out for association analysis. General discriminant analysis was used to examine the gene-gene interactions in predicting autism susceptibility. Results: There was a significantly increased frequency of the DRD2 rs1800498TT genotype (P = 0.007) in affected males compared to the comparison group, apparently due to over-transmission of the T allele (P = 0.0003). The frequency of the PPP1R1B rs1495099CC genotype in affected males was also higher than that in the comparison group (P = 0.002) due to preferential transmission of the C allele from parents to affected children (P = 0.0009). Alleles rs1800498T and rs1495099C were associated with more severe problems in social interaction (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0016, respectively) and communication (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.0046), and increased stereotypic behaviours (P = 0.0021 and P = 0.00072). General discriminant analysis found that the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes additively predicted ASDs (P = 0.00011; Canonical R = 0.26) and explain ~7% of the variance in our families. All findings remained significant following corrections for multiple testing. Conclusion: Our findings support a role for the DRD2 and PPP1R1B genes in conferring risk for autism in families with only affected males and show an additive effect of these genes towards prediction of affected status in our families.
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There are reported deficits in dopaminergic signaling in autism.
“This is also congruous with reported deficits in dopaminergic signaling in schizophrenia60 and autism61.”
From Oxytocin pathway gene networks in the human brain (2019) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Hettinger, J. A., Liu, X., Hudson, M. L., Lee, A., Cohen, I. L., Michaelis, R. C., Schwartz, C. E., Lewis, S. M., & Holden, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Queen's University (CA)
- Western Carolina University (US)
- Greenwood Genetic Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holden, Jeanette JA
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Functions
- Published
- 2012-05-04
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-19
- ISSN
- 1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3479424
- OpenAlex
- W2096348466
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Open Collections
- Funders
- Autism Speaks
- Michael Smith Health Research BC
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (43820)
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, DRD2, DARPP-32, dopamine, genetic polymorphism, gene-gene interaction, social interaction difficulties, communication difficulties, stereotypy
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Genotype, Humans, Male, Linkage Disequilibrium, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Siblings, Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32, Genetic Loci, Genetic Association Studies
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