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Cited by 41Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorBehavioral and Psychological Studies

Characterizing operant hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat.

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Hill, Jade C, Herbst, Katrina, Sanabria, Federico·2012·Behavioral and Brain Functions
DOI 10.1186/1744-9081-8-5PMC PMC3292830
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Abstract

Background: Operant hyperactivity, the emission of reinforced responses at an inordinately high rate, has been reported in children with ADHD and in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR), the most widely studied animal model of ADHD. The SHR emits behavior at hyperactive levels, relative to a normoactive strain, only when such behavior is seldom reinforced. Because of its dependence on rate of reinforcement, operant hyperactivity appears to be driven primarily by incentive motivation, not motoric capacity. This claim was evaluated in the present study using a novel strategy, based on the organization of behavior in bouts of reinforced responses separated by pauses. Method: Male SHR, Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar rats (WIS) were exposed each to a multiple variable-interval schedule of sucrose reinforcement (12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 s) between post-natal days (PND) 48 and 93. Responding in each schedule was examined in two epochs, PND 58-62 and 89-93. Parameters of response-reinforcement functions (Herrnstein's hyperbola) and bout-organized behavior were estimated in each epoch. Results: SHR emitted higher response rates than WKY and WIS, but only when rate of reinforcement was low (fewer than 2 reinforcers per minute), and particularly in the second epoch. Estimates of Herrnstein's hyperbola parameters suggested the primacy of motivational over motoric factors driving the response-rate differential. Across epochs and schedules, a more detailed analysis of response bouts by SHR revealed that these were shorter than those by WKY, but more frequent than those by WKY and WIS. Differences in bout length subsided between epochs, but differences in bout-initiation rate were exacerbated. These results were interpreted in light of robust evidence linking changes in bout-organization parameters and experimental manipulations of motivation and response-reinforcement contingency. Conclusions: Operant hyperactivity in SHR was confirmed. Although incentive motivation appears to play an important role in operant hyperactivity and motoric capacity cannot be ruled out as a factor, response-bout patterns suggest that operant hyperactivity is primarily driven by steeper delay-of-reinforcement gradients. Convergence of this conclusion with theoretical accounts of ADHD and with free-operant performance in children with ADHD supports the use of SHR as an animal model of ADHD.

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  • The findings of SHR operant and motor hyperactivity replicate previous research evaluating the use of the SHR strain as a model of ADHD.

    “These findings of SHR operant and motor hyperactivity replicate previous research evaluating the use of the SHR strain as a model of ADHD (Wultz et al., 1990; Hill et al., 2012).”

    From The Effects of Methylphenidate on Goal-directed Behavior in a Rat Model of ADHD (2015) · cites this paper as Hill et al., 2012

    The Discussion reports that SHR operant hyperactivity replicated prior findings in adult rats, and the Conclusions say the results support using SHR as an ADHD model. The paper does not establish motor hyperactivity as a separate replicated finding: the Discussion treats elevated motoric capacity as a possible contributor that cannot be ruled out, while the Background says evidence for spontaneous hyperactivity is mixed. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hill, J. C., Herbst, K., & Sanabria, F.
Affiliations
Arizona State University (US)
Corresponding author
Sanabria, Federico
ORCID
Sanabria, Federico
Venue
Behavioral and Brain Functions
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-01-26
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
5-5
ISSN
1744-9081 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1744-9081-8-5
PMC
PMC3292830
OpenAlex
W2130187545
Cited by
41
References
7
Citations by year
2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
FWCI
3.68
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Behavioral and Brain Functions (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Arizona State University
  • College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords
spontaneously hypertensive rats, animal model of ADHD, incentive motivation, delayed reinforcement, sucrose reinforcement, Wistar-Kyoto rats, Wistar rats
MeSH terms
Aging, Algorithms, Animals, Conditioning, Operant, Hyperkinesis, Male, Psychomotor Performance, Rats, Inbred SHR, Rats, Inbred WKY, Reinforcement Schedule, Rats

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