Infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers produce more variable responding and deficient sustained attention in young children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The underlying behavioral/psychological processes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are unclear. Motivational factors, related to dopamine dysfunction, may play an important role in the development of the behavioral symptoms. Particularly, infrequent, but not frequent, reinforcers have been suggested to be associated with altered responding and deviant behavior in children with ADHD. The present study was designed to analyze the influence of reinforcement frequency on operationalized measures of hyperactivity, impulsiveness, sustained attention, and response variability. METHODS: Fifty-six boys, half of whom were diagnosed with ADHD, completed a computerized task presented as a game with two squares on the screen. One square was associated with reinforcement. The task required responses by the computer mouse under contingencies alternating between variable interval schedules of short (mean 2 s) and long (mean 20 s) durations. Reinforcers were cartoon pictures and small trinkets. RESULTS: Overall, there was no difference between children with ADHD and comparison children when reinforcers were given frequently. Statistically significant differences on measures of sustained attention and variability, but not hyperactivity and impulsiveness, were found during infrequent reinforcement only. Age effects interacted with group effects on sustained attention, showing that group differences were found in the young children only. Surprisingly, older comparison children showed increased response variability and no learning. CONCLUSIONS: When reinforcers are infrequent, children with ADHD show deficient sustained attention and increased variability in responding. Computer experience may have interfered with measures of hyperactivity and impulsiveness. The unexpectedly poor performance of the older comparison children may have been due to inefficient reinforcers or to verbally governed behavior overruling reinforcer effects. Reinforcer characteristics and experimental procedures are important factors influencing findings in studies investigating motivational factors. The study provides some support for the dynamic developmental theory of ADHD predicting relationships between neurobiological deficits, altered reinforcement mechanisms, and treatment recommendations.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
ADHD children are differentially affected by slow event rates or sparse schedules of reinforcement.
“and are differentially affected by slow event rates/sparse schedules of reinforcement (Wiersema et al, 2006;Aase and Sagvolden, 2006).”
From Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion (2010) · cites this paper as Aase and Sagvolden, 2006
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)
Hu, R. J. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-12-226870-9/01070-4 · Cited by 9,167 · see citing works
ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control
Hinshaw, S. P. (1998) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199806000-00010 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
sagvolden, T., johansen, E. B., aase, H., & russell, V. A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05000075 · Cited by 1,035 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Hedayat, A., & Kirk, R. E. (1970) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529119 · Cited by 828 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Barkley, R. A. (1998) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0998-66 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Hyperactivity and Delay Aversion—I. The Effect of Delay on Choice
Sonuga‐Barke, E. J. S., Taylor, E., Sembi, S., & Smith, J. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00874.x · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., Conners, C. K., & Bates, J. E. (1991) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166156 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
Teicher, M. H., Andersen, S. L., & Hostetter, J. C. (1995) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(95)00109-q · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Sagvolden, T., Aase, H., Zeiner, P., & Berger, D. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Self-citationSeidman, L. J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Weber, W. J., & Ouellette, C. (1997) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.65.1.150 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Sex differences in dopamine receptors and their relevance to ADHD
Andersen, S. L., & Teicher, M. H. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00044-5 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Altered reinforcement mechanisms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Sagvolden, T., Aase, H., Zeiner, P., & Berger, D. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00170-8 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationOperant variability: Evidence, functions, and theory
Neuringer, A. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196324 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD
TEICHER, M. H., ITO, Y., GLOD, C. A., & BARBER, N. I. (1996) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00015 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Pelham, W. E., Gnagy, E. M., Greiner, A. R., Hoza, B., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Simpson, S., Shapiro, C. J., Bukstein, O. G., Baron-Myak, C., et al. (2000) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1005127030251 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Effects of reward and response costs on inhibition in ADHD children.
Iaboni, F., Douglas, V. I., & Baker, A. G. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.1.232 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Johansen, E. B., Aase, H., Meyer, A., & Sagvolden, T. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00434-x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationMotivational Effects on Inhibitory Control in Children With ADHD
SLUSAREK, M., VELLING, S., BUNK, D., & EGGERS, C. (2001) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200103000-00016 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Sensitivity to Reward Frequency in Boys With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Tripp, G., & Alsop, B. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Child Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp280309 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Schweitzer, J. B., & Sulzer‐Azároff, B. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb02321.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Effects of reward and nonreward on frustration and attention in attention deficit disorder
Douglas, V. I., & Parry, P. A. (1994) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf02168075 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Psychophysiological response of ADHD children to reward and extinction
IABONI, F., DOUGLAS, V. I., & DITTO, B. (1997) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02422.x · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children.
Barkley, R. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Stevens, J. H., Quittner, A. L., Zuckerman, J. B., & Moore, S. B. (2002) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2102_1 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Effects of reward on delayed reaction time task performance of hyperactive children
Douglas, V. I., & Parry, P. A. (1983) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00912094 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Pitcher, T. M., Piek, J. P., & Barrett, N. C. (2002) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/s0167-9457(02)00167-7 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Clinical foundations of hyperactivity research
Taylor, E. A. (1998) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00165-4 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Konrad, K., Gauggel, S., Manz, A., & Schöll, M. (2000) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.6.4.286.3145 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE SΔ PERIODS ON RESPONDING ON A FIXED‐INTERVAL SCHEDULE1
DEWS, P. B. (1962) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-369 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022650216978 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Time Reproduction in Children With ADHD: Motivation Matters
McInerney, R. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2003) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1076/chin.9.2.91.14506 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Crone, E. A., Richard Jennings, J., & Van Der Molen, M. W. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00115 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Carlson, C. L., & Tamm, L. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.1.73 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Inhibition in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as indexed by heart rate change
Jennings, J. R., van der Molen, M. W., Pelham, W., Debski, K. B., & Hoza, B. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.308 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Parent-, Teacher-, and Self-Rated Motivational Styles in ADHD Subtypes
Carlson, C. L., Booth, J. E., Shin, M., & Canu, W. H. (2002) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940203500202 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Itami, S., & Uno, H. (2002) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200212200-00016 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Rapport, M. D., Tucker, S. B., DuPaul, G. J., Merlo, M., & Stoner, G. D. (1986) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00915440 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Effects of reinforcement on concept identification in hyperactive children
Parry, P. A., & Douglas, V. I. (1983) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00912095 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Pelham, W. E., Milich, R. S., & Walker, J. L. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.4.319 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Kollins, S. H., Lane, S. D., & Shapiro, S. K. (1997) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395211 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Solanto, M. V. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb00819.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gomez, R. (2003) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470300600303 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Attention deficit disorder : identification, course, and rationale
Bloomingdale, L. M. (1985) · SP Medical & Scientific Books · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Performance and activity of hyperactive and normal boys as a function of distraction and reward
Worland, J., North‐Jones, M., & Stern, J. A. (1973) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917635 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Parent‐reported symptoms of hyperactivity and attention deficits predict teacher‐reported symptoms
Zeiner, P. (1997) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb08863.x · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wigal, T. L., Swanson, J. M., Douglas, V. I., Wigal, S. B., Wippler, C. M., & Cavoto, K. F. (1998) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/01454455980222003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Catania, A. C. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x05220071 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Motivational deficit in childhood depression and hyperactivity
Layne, C., & Berry, E. (1983) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198307)39:4 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.026 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Evidence-based Kernels: Fundamental Units of Behavioral Influence
Embry, D. D., & Biglan, A. (2008) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0036-x · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sergeant, J. A., Nigg, J., & Willcutt, E. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.008 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01851.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Luman, M., Tripp, G., & Scheres, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.021 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
(2006) · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-30 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationMullane, J. C., Corkum, P. V., Klein, R. M., & McLaughlin, E. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802348028 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.2 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Delay and reward choice in ADHD: An experimental test of the role of delay aversion.
Marco, R., Miranda, A., Schlotz, W., Melia, A., Mulligan, A., Müller, U., Andreou, P., Butler, L., Christiansen, H., Gabriels, I., et al. (2009) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0014914 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., Johansen, E. B., Wøien, G., Walaas, S. I., Storm‐Mathisen, J., Bergersen, L. H., Hvalby, Ø., Jensen, V., Aase, H., Russell, V. A., et al. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.08.004 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Self-citationThe research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex
Holroyd, C. B., & Umemoto, A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.021 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Overview of Animal Models of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Russell, V. A. (2011) · Current Protocols in Neuroscience · doi:10.1002/0471142301.ns0935s54 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Scheres, A., Tontsch, C., Thoeny, A. L., & Kaczkurkin, A. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.033 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bitsakou, P., Psychogiou, L., Thompson, M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.09.015 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Wilbertz, G., Tebartz van Elst, L., Delgado, M. R., Maier, S., Feige, B., Philipsen, A., & Blechert, J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.011 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Origins of altered reinforcement effects in ADHD
Johansen, E., Killeen, P. R., Russell, V. A., Tripp, G., Wickens, J. R., Tannock, R., Williams, J., & Sagvolden, T. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationSobel, L. J., Bansal, R., Maia, T. V., Sanchez, J., Mazzone, L., Durkin, K., Liu, J., Hao, X., Ivanov, I., Miller, A., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091259 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Spencer, S. V., Hawk, L. W., Richards, J. B., Shiels, K., Pelham, W. E., & Waxmonsky, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9316-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., & Johansen, E. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_126 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Oord, S., & Tripp, G. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00327-z · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Cibrian, F. L., Lakes, K. D., Schuck, S. E. B., & Hayes, G. R. (2021) · International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2021.100421 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Variability of Attention Processes in ADHD
Rapport, M. D., Kofler, M. J., Alderson, R. M., Timko, T. M., & DuPaul, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708322990 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Sagvolden, T., & Xu, T. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-3 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationThe quick delay questionnaire: a measure of delay aversion and discounting in adults
Clare, S., Helps, S. K., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0020-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Oosterlaan, J., Buschgens, C. J. M., Buitelaar, J. K., de Sonneville, L. M. J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01781.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
What would Karl Popper say? Are current psychological theories of ADHD falsifiable?
Johnson, K. A., Wiersema, J. R., & Kuntsi, J. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-15 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Graziano, P. A., Garcia, A. M., & Landis, T. D. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718770009 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Luman, M., van Meel, C. S., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Geurts, H. M. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.08.012 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Abikoff, H. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709333385 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Impact of Financial Reward Contingencies on Cognitive Function Profiles in Adult ADHD
Marx, I., Höpcke, C., Berger, C., Wandschneider, R., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067002 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Rodrigo-Yanguas, M., González, C., Bella-Fernández, M., & Blasco-Fontecilla, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.798480 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour in South African children
Aase, H., Meyer, A., & Sagvolden, T. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-11 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationA Program for At-Risk High School Students Informed by Evolutionary Science
Wilson, D. S., Kauffman, R. A., & Purdy, M. S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027826 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Characterizing operant hyperactivity in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat.
Hill, J. C., Herbst, K., & Sanabria, F. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-8-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Karalunas, S. L., & Huang-Pollock, C. L. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.614578 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Moment-to-moment dynamics of ADHD behaviour
Aase, H., & Sagvolden, T. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-12 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSethi, A., Voon, V., Critchley, H. D., Cercignani, M., & Harrison, N. A. (2018) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awy048 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Operant variability and the power of reinforcement.
Neuringer, A. J. (2009) · The Behavior Analyst Today · doi:10.1037/h0100673 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Harvey, R. C., Jordan, C. J., Tassin, D. H., Moody, K. R., Dwoskin, L. P., & Kantak, K. M. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.01.027 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Somkuwar, S. S., Kantak, K. M., Bardo, M. T., & Dwoskin, L. P. (2015) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2015.12.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Reinforcement, Dopamine and Rodent Models in Drug Development for ADHD
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2012) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0132-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
A novel task for examining strategic planning: Evidence for impairment in children with ADHD
Kofman, O., Larson, J. G., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2008) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390701380583 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of age on attention level: changes in performance between the ages of 12 and 90
Lufi, D., & Haimov, I. (2018) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825585.2018.1546820 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Koffarnus, M. N., & Katz, J. L. (2010) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-010-2027-0 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Intraindividual variability (IIV) in an animal model of ADHD - the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Perry, G., Sagvolden, T., & Faraone, S. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-6-56 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSagvolden, T. (2011) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-7-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHovik, K. T., Plessen, K. J., Cavanna, A. E., Skogli, E. W., Andersen, P. N., & Øie, M. G. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144874 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dulaney, A., Vasilyeva, M., & O’Dwyer, L. M. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.11.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Medin, T., Jensen, V., Skare, Ø., Storm-Mathisen, J., Hvalby, Ø., & Bergersen, L. H. (2019) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.028 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Schooling Experience of Adolescent Boys with AD/HD: An Australian Case Study
Gibbs, K., Mercer, K. L., & Carrington, S. B. (2016) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2016.1164302 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Systematic Review: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Instrumental Learning
Hulsbosch, A., Meyer, H. D., Beckers, T., Danckaerts, M., Liefferinge, D. V., Tripp, G., & der Oord, S. V. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.009 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Williams, J. H. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01921.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Feedback Timing Modulates Probabilistic Learning in Adults with ADHD
Gabay, Y., Shahbari-Khateb, E., & Mendelsohn, A. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33551-3 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Taylor, D., Lincoln, A. J., & Foster, S. L. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708329974 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Group-based intervention on attention and executive functions in the school context
Paananen, M., Aro, T. I., Närhi, V. M., & Aro, M. T. (2017) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2017.1407407 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Luman, M., Papanikolau, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000349 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gabay, Y., & Goldfarb, L. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.012 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2021) · Synthesis lectures on technology and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-01606-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Takagi, S., Hori, H., Yamaguchi, T., Ochi, S., Nishida, M., Maruo, T., & Takahashi, H. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s369845 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Gibbs, K., Carrington, S. B., & Mercer, K. L. (2020) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2020.1840529 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Brown, R. W., & Peterson, D. J. (2015) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2015_394 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Research Advances in ADHD and Technology
Cibrian, F. L., Hayes, G. R., & Lakes, K. D. (2020) · Synthesis lectures on assistive, rehabilitative, and health-preserving technologies · doi:10.2200/s01061ed1v01y202011arh015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lauth-Lebens, M., & Lauth, G. W. (2020) · Lernen und Lernstörungen · doi:10.1024/2235-0977/a000284 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Delay aversion in school-aged children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Mphahlele, R. M., Pillay, B. J., & Meyer, A. (2020) · South African Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0081246320964350 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Özerk, M., Handorff, J. A., & Özerk, K. Z. (2011) · lnternational Electronic Journal of Elementary Education · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Treating Social Skills Deficits in AD/HD: Behavioural Contributions and Future Challenges
Løkke, G. E. H. (2011) · European Journal of Behavior Analysis · doi:10.1080/15021149.2011.11434356 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Furukawa, E., Alsop, B., Caparelli-Dáquer, E. M., Casella, E. B., da Costa, R. Q. M., Queiroz, P. D. M., Galvão, P. A., Benevides, L. R. D. S., Jucá-Vasconcelos, H. P., & Tripp, G. (2018) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0265-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jensen, P. S. (2007) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)70316-5 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Development of a Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Adult ADHD
Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., & Wasserstein, J. (2011) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2011.19.1.7 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stimulus Control and Generalization of Operant Variability in the Block Play of Children with Autism
Miller, N. D. (2012) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Slezak, J. M., & Katz, J. L. (2013) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0033726 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Psychosocial treatment of ADHD in adults
Solanto, M. V. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139035491.024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Word of the Day Improves and Redirects Student Attention While Supporting Vocabulary Development
Vesely, P., & Gryder, N. (2009) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/1053451208330901 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
McEachen, B. T. G. (2011) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kulfan, M. R. (2013) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity
Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. J. (2009)
Breivik, A. E. R. (2007) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Meeuwsen, M. (2015) · ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University)
The Dual Pathway Hypothesis of ADHD: Retrospect and Prospect
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · Medical psychiatry · doi:10.3109/9781420017144.011
Identification of Differential Predictors of ADHD Subtypes Using Laboratory Procedures
Grip, D. R. (2014) · Research Exchange (Washington State University)
Halsey, P. A. (2010) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University)
Examining the effects of d-amphetamine on discounting in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)
Peterson, D. J. (2013) · JMU Scholoraly Commons (James Madison University)
Mellado, R. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9431030/v1
Neylon, D. M. (2009) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · doi:10.34961/9323
- Authors
- Aase, H., & Sagvolden, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Aase, Heidi
- ORCID
- Aase, Heidi
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-06-09
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 457-471
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2098883395
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reinforcement frequency, sustained attention, response variability, hyperactivity, impulsivity, dopaminergic dysfunction, motivational factors, computerized task, age differences, young children
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Child Behavior, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Motivation, Psychomotor Performance, Reference Values, Reinforcement, Psychology, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
