Haemoglobin status and predictors of anaemia among pregnant women in Mpigi, Uganda
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Anaemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem especially in the low-income countries where it is highly prevalent. There has been no recent study in Uganda about the factors associated with anaemia in pregnancy. We aimed to assess the current haemoglobin (Hb) status and factors associated with anaemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dl) in pregnant women in Mpigi, Uganda. METHODS: We assessed Hb levels of 2436 pregnant women at 28+ weeks of gestation at six health facilities, who were approached to participate in a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial of antenatal distribution of misoprostol (for self-administration after home birth or when oxytocin is not available). Women were administered a questionnaire and their baseline blood haemoglobin was examined using portable HemoCueR Hb 301 system. Predictors of anaemia were estimated using linear and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean Hb was 11.5 (± 1.38) g/dl and prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dl) was 32.5% (95% CI 30.6%, 34.3%). After adjusting for measured confounders, factors associated with increased risk of anaemia in pregnancy were malaria infection (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.58), Human Immuno-deficiency Virus infection (OR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.90) and lack of iron supplementation (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.03). Intermittent presumptive treatment of malaria, maternal age and parity showed a weak association with anaemia in pregnancy CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in our setting highlights the need to put more effort in the fight against malaria and HIV, and also ensure that pregnant women access iron supplements early in pregnancy.
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Ononge et al. 2014 used a stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design.
“Stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trial design”
From Applications and implementation considerations for stepped-wedge designs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review (2026) · cites this paper as [95]
The Abstract’s Methods say the women were approached to participate in a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial. The paper’s Methods clarify that this haemoglobin analysis was a cross-sectional description of baseline data, not itself a stepped-wedge trial analysis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Additional file 3 of Mapping of anaemia prevalence among pregnant women in Kenya (2016–2019)
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Additional file 2 of Mapping of anaemia prevalence among pregnant women in Kenya (2016–2019)
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- Authors
- Ononge, S., Campbell, O., & Mirembe, F.
- Affiliations
- Makerere University (UG)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ononge, Sam
- Venue
- BMC Research Notes
- Published
- 2014-10-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 712-712
- ISSN
- 1756-0500 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4198670
- OpenAlex
- W1976512621
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Research Notes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (087540)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Public Health and Nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Keywords
- anemia in pregnancy, malaria, HIV infection, iron supplementation, maternal age, parity, prenatal care
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anemia, Female, Hemoglobins, Humans, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic, Pregnancy Trimester, Third, Uganda, Misoprostol, Young Adult
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