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The neurobiological basis of ADHD
Open accessAbstract
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is not a single pathophysiological entity and appears to have a complex etiology. There are multiple genetic and environmental risk factors with small individual effect that act in concert to create a spectrum of neurobiological liability. Structural imaging studies show that brains of children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder are significantly smaller than unaffected controls. The prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum are differentially affected and evidence indicating reduced connectivity in white matter tracts in key brain areas is emerging. Genetic, pharmacological, imaging, and animal models highlight the important role of dopamine dysregulation in the neurobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. To date, stimulants are the most effective psychopharmacological treatments available for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Currently only immediate release methylphenidate and atomoxetine are approved for the treatment of ADHD in Italy. Drug treatment should always be part of a comprehensive plan that includes psychosocial, behavioural and educational advice and interventions.
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“Reduced maternal thyroid capacity, poor maternal wellness, maternal age, post-maturity of the foetus, long working hours, maternal stress, foetal stress, prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, and antepartum haemorrhage are prenatal factors that could influence ADHD development [54, 58, 65].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“highlighting prenatal, perinatal and postnatal difficulties, psychological adversities, exposure to chemical contaminants, or iron deficiency as factors that increase the probability of developing ADHD [54]”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“The ADHD aetiology is complex with a multiple pathophysiological entity involving multiple genetic and environmental factors, acting together, and creating a spectrum of neurobiological responsibility [54]”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Genetics has a great weight in ADHD, with a heritability ranging from 60% to 90% according to several studies carried out in twins [54, 56].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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“Dysregulation of the dopaminergic system is related to the ADHD symptoms and signs [54].”
From Molecular Characterisation of the Mechanism of Action of Stimulant Drugs Lisdexamfetamine and Methylphenidate on ADHD Neurobiology: A Review (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Curatolo, P., D'Agati, E., & Moavero, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Curatolo, Paolo
- Venue
- Italian Journal of Pediatrics
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 79
- ISSN
- 1720-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1824-7288
- PMC
- PMC3016271
- OpenAlex
- W2163811629
- Cited by
- 189
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD pathophysiology, neurobiology of ADHD, genetic risk factors, environmental risk factors, structural brain abnormalities, prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum, white matter connectivity, dopamine dysregulation, stimulant pharmacotherapy, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, psychosocial interventions
- MeSH terms
- Atomoxetine Hydrochloride, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Behavior Therapy, Brain, Cerebellum, Dopamine, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Italy, Methylphenidate, Propylamines, Risk Factors, Dopamine Agents, Treatment Outcome, Prefrontal Cortex, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Evidence-Based Medicine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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