Antibiotic sales in rural and urban pharmacies in northern Vietnam: an observational study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The irrational overuse of antibiotics should be minimized as it drives the development of antibiotic resistance, but changing these practices is challenging. A better understanding is needed of practices and economic incentives for antibiotic dispensing in order to design effective interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use. Here we report on both quantitative and qualitative aspects of antibiotic sales in private pharmacies in northern Vietnam. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which all drug sales were observed and recorded for three consecutive days at thirty private pharmacies, 15 urban and 15 rural, in the Hanoi region in 2010. The proportion of antibiotics to total drug sales was assessed and the revenue was calculated for rural and urban settings. Pharmacists and drug sellers were interviewed by a semi-structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews to understand the incentive structure of antibiotic dispensing. RESULTS: In total 2953 drug sale transactions (2083 urban and 870 rural) were observed. Antibiotics contributed 24% and 18% to the total revenue of pharmacies in urban and rural, respectively. Most antibiotics were sold without a prescription: 88% in urban and 91% in rural pharmacies. The most frequent reported reason for buying antibiotics was cough in the urban setting (32%) and fever in the rural area (22%). Consumers commonly requested antibiotics without having a prescription: 50% in urban and 28% in rural area. The qualitative data revealed that drug sellers and customer's knowledge of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance were low, particularly in rural area. CONCLUSION: Over the counter sales of antibiotic without a prescription remains a major problem in Vietnam. Suggested areas of improvement are enforcement of regulations and pricing policies and educational programs to increase the knowledge of drug sellers as well as to increase community awareness to reduce demand-side pressure for drug sellers to dispense antibiotics inappropriately.
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Nga et al. noted that pharmacies in residential areas in Vietnam were more likely to dispense antibiotics without a prescription than those in rural settings.
“This observation parallels findings by Nga et al in Vietnam, which noted that pharmacies in residential areas were more likely to dispense antibiotics without a prescription than those in rural settings. 19”
From Evaluation of antibiotic dispensing without prescription by community pharmacies: a simulated patient study (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The Results (Observation of drug sales; page not provided) report the opposite numerical pattern: 88% of antibiotic sales in urban pharmacies and 91% in rural pharmacies were without a prescription. The paper says this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.2), so it does not support the claim that urban pharmacies were more likely to dispense antibiotics without one. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInconsistency in dispensing practice will, in the long run, cost those CDROs adhering to ethical and regulatory standards by losing trust of customers and eventually hurting their business.
“Such inconsistency in dispensing practice will, in the long run, cost those CDROs that are adhering to the ethical and regulatory standards by losing trust of customers and eventually hurting their business [24, 40, 42, 46–49].”
From No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results (Causes for inappropriate antibiotic selling; page not provided) report that sellers feared losing customers if they refused to dispense antibiotics without prescriptions. The Conclusion (page not provided) says regulatory compliance would cause economic loss. The paper does not say that inconsistent dispensing causes customers to lose trust in compliant sellers, or establish the claimed long-term sequence of harm. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn environments where customer satisfaction or need is central, most CDRO staff opt to respond to customer's request and need without properly scrutinising the consequences or repercussions of their actions.
“In such environments where customer satisfaction or need is of a central value, most CDRO staff opt to respond to customer’s request and need without properly scrutinising the consequences or repercussion of their actions [24, 39, 40, 42–44, 46–48].”
From No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results (Causes for inappropriate antibiotic selling; Qualitative study, page unavailable) report that fear of losing customers and patient demand drive inappropriate antibiotic sales in the studied Vietnamese pharmacies. The paper does not establish that most staff choose to comply with requests without scrutinising the consequences, or that this applies to CDRO staff generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCustomers directly purchase antibiotics from CDROs because they experience poor satisfaction with nearby health facilities, including prolonged waiting, insufficient consultation time, and less quality service.
“if they experience poor satisfaction with the services of health facilities in nearby areas (e.g. prolonged waiting time due to the overcrowded services, doctors unable/unwilling to have enough consultation time with patients and less quality service) [40–42, 47–49]”
From No prescription? No problem: drivers of non-prescribed sale of antibiotics among community drug retail outlets in low and middle income countries: a systematic review of qualitative studies (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
In Results > Qualitative study (page not provided), pharmacy respondents said patients often went directly to a pharmacy because visiting a doctor was inconvenient and hospital examinations were time-consuming. Results > Causes for inappropriate antibiotic selling also mentions concerns about the quality of diagnostics and access to medical services. The paper does not specifically attribute these purchases to overcrowded waiting areas or doctors being unable or unwilling to spend enough time in consultations. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNearly all (n=10) included studies met seven or more of the 10 JBI appraisal checklist criteria for qualitative studies.
“Nearly all (n = 10) [24, 39–43, 45, 46, 48, 49] met seven or more of the 10 JBI appraisal checklist criteria for qualitative studies.”
Customers directly purchase antibiotics from CDROs because they feel their condition is not severe enough to visit a doctor.
“if they feel like their condition is not severe enough to visit a doctor [48]”
CDRO staff lack knowledge regarding regulatory frameworks governing antibiotic dispensing and/or are misinformed about these policies.
“In addition, CDRO staff reported lack of knowledge regarding the regulatory frameworks governing antibiotic dispensing and/or being misinformed about these policies (e.g. assuming some types of antibiotics are permitted to be sold as OTC medicines) [48].”
Drivers may not be similar between urban and rural CDROs.
“This tells us that drivers may not be similar between urban and rural CDROs [48, 75].”
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What influences antibiotic sales in rural Bangladesh? A drug dispensers’ perspective
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Self-citationVu, D. T. V., Nga, T. T., Rydell, U., Nilsson, L. E., Olson, L., Larsson, M., Hanberger, H., Choisy, M., Dao, T. T., van Doorn, H. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2019.06.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“An observational study of antibiotic sales in northern Viet Nam showed high proportions of transactions at pharmacies that included antibiotics: 24% in urban sites and 30% in rural sites; the large majority were without prescription [7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSaha, S. K., Barton, C., Promite, S., & Mazza, D. (2019) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics8040263 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Such practices have been aggravated by financial incentives [42,43].”
BackgroundIslam, M. A., Akhtar, Z., Hassan, M. Z., Chowdhury, S., Rashid, M. M., Aleem, M. A., Ghosh, P. K., Mah‐E‐Muneer, S., Parveen, S., Ahmmed, M. K., et al. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11020247 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Ndaki, P. M., Mwanga, J. R., Mushi, M. F., Konje, E. T., Mwita, S. M., & Mshana, S. E. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21553-6 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Five of the included studies were conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa (n = 4) [21, 24, 25, 28, 29], three were from Asia [22, 23, 26], and one was conducted in both Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia [30].”
Selection and evolution of resistance to antimicrobial drugs
Hughes, D. (2014) · IUBMB Life · doi:10.1002/iub.1278 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Poyongo, B. P., & Sangeda, R. Z. (2020) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy8040238 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“However, inappropriate use of antimicrobials such as underuse, overuse or misuse are the leading causes for the development of AMR yet are preventable [3].”
BackgroundObtaining antibiotics online from within the UK: a cross-sectional study
Boyd, S. E., Moore, L. S. P., Gilchrist, M. J., Costelloe, C., Castro‐Sánchez, E., Franklin, B. D., & Holmes, A. H. (2017) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkx003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Community pharmacies, drug stores, and antibiotic dispensing in Indonesia: a qualitative study
Ferdiana, A., Liverani, M., Khan, M. S., Wulandari, L. P. L., Mashuri, Y. A., Batura, N., Wibawa, T., Yeung, S., Day, R. O., Jan, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11885-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Public Awareness about Antibiotic Use and Resistance among Residents in Highland Areas of Vietnam
Ha, T. V., Nguyen, A. M. T., & Nguyen, H. S. T. (2019) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2019/9398536 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“found that 88% and 91% of antibiotics in urban and rural were sold without a prescription, respectively [33].”
BackgroundAntibiotics’ Use in Thailand: Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices
Siltrakool, B., Berrou, I., Griffiths, D., & Alghamdi, S. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10020137 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“First, the financial pressures community pharmacy businesses encounter [30,31]: community pharmacies tend to be business-oriented, and their business model is based on the sales of medicines and the need to satisfy customers in order to maintain competitiveness.”
BackgroundPhuong, T. N. T., Thang, D. X., Nguyen, H. A., Nguyen, C. T. T., Meyer, J. C., Godman, B., Skosana, P., & Nguyen, B. T. (2022) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics11081091 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Within a country, differences in the findings might arise from the sample size of the investigations (limited to one province) [18,31], the method in which the antibiotic quantities were estimated (by the number of purchasers or antibiotics sold), the data collection method (direct customer interviews or direct observ…”
BackgroundInfluentialAntibiotic resistance in the aquatic environments: the need for an interdisciplinary approach
Le, T., Truong, T., Tran, T. L., Nguyen, H. D., Pham, T. P., & Ng, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-022-04194-9 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In a developing country like Vietnam, purchasing and using antibiotics over the counter without prescription is popular, about 90% of antibiotics consumption for human medicine (Thi et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAhiabu, M., Magnussen, P., Bygbjerg, I. C., & Tersbøl, B. P. (2018) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2018.01.013 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Similar trends have been found in other developing countries.(67,68) Through the interaction of rural medicine outlet attendants with clients, it was obvious that attendants shared in some community misperceptions about the use of antibiotics and these also explain why attendants agreed to sell quantities less than th…”
ResultHospital-acquired colonization and infections in a Vietnamese intensive care unit
Thuy, D. B., Campbell, J. I., Nhat, L. T. H., Hoàng, N. V. M., Hảo, N. V., Baker, S. G., Geskus, R. B., Thwaites, G. E., Châu, N. V. V., & Thwaites, L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203600 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Survey of the pattern of antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies in Nepal
Nepal, A., Hendrie, D. V., Robinson, S., & Selvey, L. A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032422 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Challenges in the management of community pharmacies in Malaysia
Kho, B. P., Hassali, M. A., Lim, C. J., & Saleem, F. (2017) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.18549/pharmpract.2017.02.933 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Pharmacists seemed to concede that accommodating customers’ demands is the only pragmatic choice for survival.(37) The widespread nature of this practice in developing countries suggests an inherent systemic flaw in prevailing pharmacy legislations, particularly the lack of dispensing separation.”
BackgroundPokharel, S., Adhikari, B., Johnson, T., & Cheah, P. Y. (2024) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-012874 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“40 41 For example, informal stores in Thailand sell unlabelled drug packets called ‘yaa chud’ that contains antimicrobials.”
BackgroundAccess, excess, and ethics—towards a sustainable distribution model for antibiotics
Heyman, G., Cars, O., Bejarano, M.-T., & Peterson, S. (2014) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.3109/03009734.2014.904958 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Regrettably the Vietnamese DRA is not enforcing existing drug laws, and this practice continues unpunished (16).”
BackgroundInfluentialHanh, N., Ho, D. P., Huong, V. T. L., Tran, K. T., Tran, T. D., Nguyen, T. K. C., van Doorn, H. R., Nadjm, B., Kinsman, J., & Wertheim, H. F. L. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7812-z · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“A study conducted in 2010 reported a high proportions of antibiotics being sold without prescription: ~ 90% in both urban and rural pharmacies [8].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDương, H. A., Phung, T. V., Nguyen, T. N., Thi, L. P., & Viet, P. H. (2021) · Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2021/6631797 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“In fact, inappropriate use of antibiotics is common practice in many countries consisting of Vietnam where these compounds are easily delivered for self-limiting upper respiratory tract diseases without any prescriptions [46].”
BackgroundDrivers of antibiotic use in Vietnam: implications for designing community interventions
McKinn, S., Trinh, D. H., Drabarek, D., Trieu, T. T., Nguyen, P. T. L., Cao, T. H., Dang, A. D., Nguyen, T. A., Fox, G. J., & Bernays, S. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005875 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Törümküney, D., Kundu, S., Vu, G. V., Nguyen, H. A., Pham, H. V., Kamble, P., Lan, N. T. H., & Keles, N. (2022) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkac214 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tran, H. H., Ehsani, S., Shibayama, K., Matsui, M., Suzuki, S., Nguyen, M. B., Tran, D. N. M., Tran, V. P., Tran, D. L., Nguyen, H. T. H., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-015-2345-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“A combination of a high infectious diseases burden, unrestricted access to antibiotics and poor infection control measures contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance in Vietnam [9, 10].”
BackgroundSelf-citationGu, B., Zhou, M., Xing, K., Pan, S., Cao, Y., HUANG, Y., Zhuang, L., Liu, G., & Tong, M. (2015) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268814003446 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hoang, P. H., Awasthi, S. P., Nguyen, P., NGUYEN, N. L. H., Nguyen, D. T. A., Le, N. H., Dang, C. V., Hinenoya, A., & Yamasaki, S. (2017) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Science · doi:10.1292/jvms.16-0639 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“One reason could be due to improper use of antimicrobials for human in Vietnam where antimicrobials can be purchased over the counter without a prescription and there is no sanction for non-compliance of drug law regulations [28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationHoa, N. Q., Lan, P. T., Phuc, H. D., Chúc, N. T. K., & Lundborg, C. S. (2017) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2017.1327638 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEl-din, M. Z., Samy, F., Mohamed, A. A., Hamdy, F., Yasser, S., & Ehab, M. (2018) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1544119 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Community pharmacy staff’s response to symptoms of common infections: a pseudo-patient study
Zawahir, S., Lekamwasam, S., & Aslani, P. (2019) · Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0510-x · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Genotyping and macrolide-resistant mutation of Bordetella pertussis in East and South-East Asia
Koide, K., Yao, S.-M., Chiang, C., Thuỷ, P. T. B., Nga, D. T. T., Huong, D. T., Điền, T. M., Ork, V., Vutthikol, Y., Sovannara, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2022.10.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationFactors influencing the inappropriate use of antibiotics in the Rupandehi district of Nepal.
Nepal, A., Hendrie, D., Selvey, L., & Robinson, S. (2020) · International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.3061 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mboya, E. A., Davies, M. L., Horumpende, P. G., & Ngocho, J. S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239388 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Wulandari, L. P. L., Khan, M. S., Liverani, M., Ferdiana, A., Mashuri, Y. A., Probandari, A. N., Wibawa, T., Batura, N., Schierhout, G., Kaldor, J. M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-004993 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Nguyen, N. V., Do, N. T. T., Vu, D. T. V., Greer, R. C., Dittrich, S., Vandendorpe, M., Pham, T. N., Dieu, N. T. T., Thái, P. Q., Khuong, V. T., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100611 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationLanyero, H., Eriksen, J., Obua, C., Lundborg, C. S., Nanzigu, S., Katureebe, A., Kalyango, J. N., & Ocan, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235164 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Progress of Global Antimicrobial Resistance Governance and Its Implication to China: A Review
Yin, J., Wang, Y., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., & Sun, Q. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10111356 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin: classic antibiotics and perspectives
dos Santos, C., dos Santos, L. S., & Franco, O. L. (2021) · The Journal of Antibiotics · doi:10.1038/s41429-021-00444-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Bumbangi, F. N., Llarena, A., Skjerve, E., Hang’ombe, B. M., Mpundu, P., Mudenda, S., Mutombo, P. B., & Muma, J. B. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10081684 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“However, these studies were conducted in rural areas, which could explain their lower reporting rates of AMR as access to and therefore misuse of antibiotics are more prominent in urban areas [54,55].”
BackgroundAziz, M. M., Haider, F., Rasool, M. F., Hashmi, F. K., Bahsir, S., Li, P., Zhao, M., Alshammari, T. M., & Fang, Y. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10050482 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“However, as recommended in previous research [25,28,32,38], participants in this study suggested adequate training of staff in community pharmacies and structured public awareness campaigns about AMR.”
ResultA qualitative study on community use of antibiotics in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
Shembo, A. K. P., Musumari, P. M., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Tangmunkongvorakul, A., & Dalleur, O. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0267544 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Many studies suggest that the majority of antimicrobial use occurs in the community, where such drugs are readily available and can be obtained even without a prescription [17, 18].”
BackgroundAmoxicillin Quality and Selling Practices in Urban Pharmacies and Drug Stores of Blantyre, Malawi
Chikowe, I., Bliese, S. L., Lucas, S., & Lieberman, M. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.18-0003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nguyen, K. D., Tran, T. N., Nguyen, M.-L. T., Nguyen, H. A., Nguyen, H. A., Vu, D. H., Nguyen, V.-D., & Bagheri, H. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/jcpt.12754 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zawahir, S., Le, H., Nguyen, T. A., Beardsley, J., Duc, A. D., Bernays, S., Viney, K. A., Cao, T. H., McKinn, S., Tran, H. H., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006475 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This is important to address, given the considerable TB case-detection gap observed in Vietnam, 19 and highlights the importance of strengthening partnerships between the private and public sectors in order to achieve the WHO End TB targets.”
BackgroundDiwan, V., Sabde, Y., Byström, E., & Costa, A. D. (2015) · The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries · doi:10.3855/jidc.5694 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Biedenbach, D. J., Giao, P. T., Vân, P. H., Tuyet, N. S. M., Nga, T. T. T., Phuong, D. M., Trung, N. V., & Badal, R. E. (2016) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.07.172 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Lubell, Y., Do, N. T. T., Nguyen, K. V., Ta, N. T. D., Tran, N. H. T., Hung, T. M., Hoang, L. B., Shrestha, P., van Doorn, H. R., Nadjm, B., et al. (2018) · Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0414-1 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The vast proportion of antibiotics dispensed for ARI through private pharmacies without prescription in Viet Nam needs to be properly considered [25].”
BackgroundSelf-citationMachado‐Alba, J. E., Valladales‐Restrepo, L. F., Gaviria‐Mendoza, A., Machado‐Duque, M. E., & Figueras, A. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9070389 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zawahir, S., Le, H. T. T., Nguyen, T. A., Beardsley, J., Dang, A. D., Bernays, S., Viney, K. A., Cao, T. H., Drabarek, D., Tran, H. H., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100447 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ghiga, I., & Lundborg, C. S. (2016) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40545-016-0061-y · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“From a pharmacist’s point of view, dispensing antibiotics upon request to patients that selfmedicate can be influenced by them knowing the patient –leading to complacency to patient’s request as shown by research conducted in Spain [8] and Portugal [9] or it can be a consequence of insufficient knowledge from the phar…”
BackgroundCortez, J., Rosário, E., Pires, J. E., Taborda Lopes, J., Francisco, M., Vlieghe, E., & Brito, M. (2017) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.05.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Worldwide, the large majority of antimicrobial use occurs in the community, where such drugs can readily be obtained, even without a prescription (Nga do et al., 2014; Landers et al., 2010; Hoa et al., 2009).”
BackgroundDetection of antibiotics in chicken eggs obtained from supermarkets in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Yamaguchi, T., Okihashi, M., Harada, K., Konishi, Y., Uchida, K., Ngoc, M. H., Bui, L. T., Nguyen, T. D., Phan, H. B., Bui, H. D. T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B · doi:10.1080/03601234.2017.1293457 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In addition, the high number of small-scale farms in Vietnam, the lack of information regarding antibiotics and the relative ease of obtaining veterinary drugs from pharmacies [19] further complicate the regulation of residual antibiotics in Vietnam compared with the situation in developed countries.”
ResultWertheim, H. F. L., Chúc, N. T. K., Punpuing, S., Khan, W. A., Gyapong, M., Asante, K. P., Munguambe, K., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Ariana, P., John-Langba, J., et al. (2017) · Wellcome Open Research · doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11985.1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Ethical statement The protocol was reviewed by the Oxford University Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC, Reference: 31-15), and the local ethical committees of each participating study site including: (1) Vietnam Ministry of Health (MoH) Institutional Review Board (IRB)(6670/QD-BYT); (2) Institute for Populati…”
MethodSelf-citationTran, H. M., Truong, V. T., Ngo, T. M. N., Bui, Q. P. V., Nguyen, H. C. B., Le, T. T. Q., Mazur, W. M., Chung, E. S., Cafardi, J. M., Pham, K., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189421 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cephalosporin‐resistant Escherichia coli isolated from farm workers and pigs in northern Vietnam
Dang, S. T. T., Bortolaia, V., Nhật, T. T., Le, H. Q., & Dalsgaard, A. (2018) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.13054 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“coli in at least one of three sampling times over a 12-month study period [13] which is a percentage similar to what we observed and which the authors proposed was due to improper use of antimicrobials among people [32].”
ResultTran, D. N. M., Tran, H. H., Matsui, M., Suzuki, M., Suzuki, S., Shibayama, K., Pham, T. D., Phuong, T. T. V., Dang, D. A., Trinh, H. S., et al. (2016) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-016-2784-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationKawaguchi‐Suzuki, M., Hogue, M. D., Khanfar, N. M., Lahoz, M. R., Law, M. G., Parekh, J., Zairina, E., Hong, J., Robles, Y., & Vo, T. V. (2019) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7215 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Many Vietnamese find it cheaper and faster to buy drugs directly from pharmacies than to seek help first from medical practitioners.(54)”
BackgroundTrung, N. V., Nhung, H. N., Carrique-Mas, J. J., Mai, H. H., Tuyen, H. T., Campbell, J. I., Nhung, N. T., Minh, P. V., Wagenaar, J. A., Mai, N. T. N., et al. (2016) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0827-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationNagaraj, M. (2015) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2015/12940.6119 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, showed that frequent reported reason for buying antibiotic was cough in urban setting and fever in the rural setting [7].”
BackgroundAntimicrobial stewardship in private pharmacies in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study
Musoke, D., Lubega, G. B., Gbadesire, M. S., Boateng, S., Twesigye, B., Gheer, J., Nakachwa, B., Brown, M. O., Brandish, C., Winter, J. A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice · doi:10.1186/s40545-023-00659-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, which is inclusive of self-medication and the dispensing of drugs without a prescription, is a leading driver of AMR in humans [71, 72].”
BackgroundExploring the Socioeconomic Importance of Antimicrobial Use in the Small-Scale Pig Sector in Vietnam
Coyne, L., Benigno, C. C., Giang, V. N., Hương, L. Q., Kalprividh, W., Padungtod, P., Patrick, I., Ngoc, P. T., & Rushton, J. (2020) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics9060299 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. T., Boyer, L., Auquier, P., Fond, G. B., Khánh, Đ. N., Dang, A. K., Do, H. P., Latkin, C. A., Ho, R., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1176730 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Indeed, 91% of antibiotics sold in Vietnam were without a prescription (65), which was even higher than that of countries in Asia such as Thailand (37.”
Background
- Authors
- Nga, D. T. T., Chuc, N. T. K., Hoa, N. P., Hoa, N. Q., Nguyen, N. T. T., Loan, H. T., Toan, T. K., Phuc, H. D., Horby, P., Van Yen, N., Van Kinh, N., & Wertheim, H. F.
- Affiliations
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit (VN)
- Hanoi Medical University (VN)
- Institute of Mathematics (VN)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nga, Do Thi Thuy
- Nguyen, Nguyen Thi Thuy
- Venue
- BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Published
- 2014-02-20
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-6
- ISSN
- 2050-6511 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3946644
- OpenAlex
- W2164556138
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 11.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacy and Medical Practices
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Keywords
- antibiotic sales, prescription drug sales, inappropriate antibiotic use, antibiotic resistance, private pharmacies, urban-rural differences, Hanoi, Vietnam
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Bacterial Agents, Commerce, Nonprescription Drugs, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Pharmacies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, Urban Population, Vietnam, Drug Resistance, Bacterial
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