Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) in patients with migraine. METHODS: Subjects were recruited from a headache clinic and a neuropsychologist examined their GAD using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI). Subjects completed several instruments, including the GAD-7, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL). RESULTS: Among 146 participants, 32 patients (21.9 %) had GAD as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α for the GAD-7 and GAD-2 were 0.915 and 0.820, respectively. At a cutoff score of 5, the GAD-7 had a sensitivity of 78.1 %, a specificity of 74.6 %, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 46.3 %, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.4 %. At a cutoff score of 1, the GAD-2 had a sensitivity of 84.4 %, a specificity of 72.8 %, a PPV of 46.6 %, and a NPV of 94.3 %. The scores of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 well correlated with the BAI score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score. CONCLUSIONS: The GAD-7 and GAD-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for GAD in patients with migraine.
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The Seven-Item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) has strong internal consistency (α = 0.92) and is validated for chronic pain patients with migraine.
“The GAD-7 has shown strong internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.92) [57] and is validated for chronic pain patients with migraine [58].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [58]
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Camargo, L., Herrera‐Pino, J., Shelach, S., Soto‐Añari, M., Porto, M. F., Alonso, M., González, M., Contreras, Ó., Caldichoury, N., Ramos‐Henderson, M., et al. (2023) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.06.011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Han, K.-M., Park, J. Y., Park, H. E., An, S. R., Lee, E. H., Yoon, H., & Ko, Y. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.168 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Prevalence and characteristics of cutaneous allodynia in probable migraine
Han, S. M., Kim, K. M., Cho, S., Yang, K. I., Kim, D., Yun, C., & Chu, M. K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82080-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Altered gut microbiota in individuals with episodic and chronic migraine
Yong, D., Lee, H., Min, H.-G., Kim, K., Oh, H., & Chu, M. K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27586-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with cluster headache: a preliminary study
Sohn, J., Chu, M. K., Park, K., Ahn, H. Y., & Cho, S. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0886-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kim, S.-H., Park, K., Yoon, S., Choi, Y., Lee, S., & Choi, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639366 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Differences of Cluster Headache on the Basis of Sex in the Korean Cluster Headache Registry
Chung, P., Lee, M. J., Park, J., Sohn, J., Kim, B., Chu, M. K., Chung, J. M., Ahn, J., Choi, Y., Kim, S., et al. (2019) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13637 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lee, M., Lee, J. J., Park, S., Kim, S., & Lee, H. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1080/0167482x.2023.2231629 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ajith, B., Najeeb, N., John, A., & Anima, V. (2022) · Indian Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.4103/ijo.ijo_1389_21 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Temporal changes of circadian rhythmicity in cluster headache
Lee, M. J., Cho, S., Park, J. W., Chu, M. K., Moon, H., Chung, P., Chung, J.-M., Sohn, J., Kim, B., Kim, B., et al. (2019) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102419883372 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lu, Y., Li, Y., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Wu, L., & Cao, F. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/51549 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Following previous research [40], we adopted a cutoff score of 5 to identify nurses with mild or greater anxiety symptoms for the intervention purpose.”
Vægter, H. B., Ussing, K., Johansen, J. V., Stegemejer, I., Palsson, T. S., O’Sullivan, P., & Kent, P. M. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000802 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Correlates of continued cannabis use during pregnancy
Pike, C. K., Sofis, M. J., & Budney, A. J. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108939 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Song, T., Lee, M. J., Choi, Y.-J., Kim, B., Chung, P., Park, J.-W., Chu, M. K., Kim, B., Sohn, J., Oh, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3.334 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rosgen, B. K., Krewulak, K. D., Davidson, J. E., Ely, E. W., Stelfox, H. T., & Fiest, K. M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03200-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Screening for epilepsy-specific anxiety symptoms: French validation of the EASI
Micoulaud‐Franchi, J., Kotwas, I., Arthuis, M., Soncin, L., Rontani, P., Daquin, G., Cermolacce, M., Bartoloméi, F., & McGonigal, A. (2022) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108585 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Predicting Suicidal Ideation in College Students with Mental Health Screening Questionnaires
Shim, G., & Jeong, B. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.08.21.3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Psychiatric comorbidities of migraine
(2024) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823357-3.00013-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gentili, C., Zetterqvist, V., Rickardsson, J., Holmström, L., Simons, L. E., & Wicksell, R. K. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa360 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“92) [57] and is validated for chronic pain patients with migraine [58].”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) in a sample of workers
Merino‐Soto, C., Angulo-Ramos, M., Rovira-Millán, L. V., & Rosario-Hernández, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.999242 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Foley, J., Jones, F. W., Hassett, A., & Williams, E. P. (2023) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x231183638 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Kim, Y.-S., Park, Y., Cho, G., Park, K., Kim, S.-H., Baik, S. Y., Kim, C. L., Jung, S., Lee, W.-H., Choi, Y., et al. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2018.09.27.2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
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Tran, A. G. T. T. (2020) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2020-0028 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Alshammari, T. K., Alkhodair, A. M., Alhebshi, H. A., Rogowska, A. M., Albaker, A. B., Aldamri, N. T., Dayel, A. F. B., Alonazi, A. S., Al-Rasheed, N. M., & Alshammari, M. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19106262 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yun, J.-A., Huh, H.-J., Han, H.-S., Huh, S., & Chae, J.-H. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.12.007 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Clinical factors influencing the impact of cluster headache from a prospective multicenter study
Sohn, J., Park, J., Lee, M. J., Chung, P., Chu, M. K., Chung, J. M., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, B., Kim, S. K., Choi, Y.-J., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59366-9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The role of psychosocial risk factors in the burden of headache
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The Association between High-Caffeine Drink Consumption and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents
Cho, J., Kim, S. Y., Shin, H., Kim, H., & Park, E. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16060794 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Aggression and its association with suicidality in migraine patients: a case-control study
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Pu, J., Zhou, W., Zeng, W., & Shang, S. (2023) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afad190 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3661-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cortez, M. M., Millsap, L., Rea, N., Sciarretta, C., & Brennan, K. C. (2021) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024211010304 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Liu, P., Chen, H., Tong, B., Zhu, D., Cong, X. S., & Shang, S. (2024) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-024-02764-0 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sung-Pa
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-11-23
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 97-97
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4656257
- OpenAlex
- W2173864200
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 40 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 8.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, GAD-2, generalized anxiety disorder, migraine, anxiety screening, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity and specificity, migraine disability, migraine-related quality of life, headache impact
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Comorbidity, Young Adult
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