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Cited by 37Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsNuclear Structure and FunctionChromatin Remodeling and Cancer

Gene functioning and storage within a folded genome

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Razin, Sergey V., Ulianov, Sergey V.·2017·Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters
DOI 10.1186/s11658-017-0050-4PMC PMC5575855
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Abstract

In mammals, genomic DNA that is roughly 2 m long is folded to fit the size of the cell nucleus that has a diameter of about 10 μm. The folding of genomic DNA is mediated via assembly of DNA-protein complex, chromatin. In addition to the reduction of genomic DNA linear dimensions, the assembly of chromatin allows to discriminate and to mark active (transcribed) and repressed (non-transcribed) genes. Consequently, epigenetic regulation of gene expression occurs at the level of DNA packaging in chromatin. Taking into account the increasing attention of scientific community toward epigenetic systems of gene regulation, it is very important to understand how DNA folding in chromatin is related to gene activity. For many years the hierarchical model of DNA folding was the most popular. It was assumed that nucleosome fiber (10-nm fiber) is folded into 30-nm fiber and further on into chromatin loops attached to a nuclear/chromosome scaffold. Recent studies have demonstrated that there is much less regularity in chromatin folding within the cell nucleus. The very existence of 30-nm chromatin fibers in living cells was questioned. On the other hand, it was found that chromosomes are partitioned into self-interacting spatial domains that restrict the area of enhancers action. Thus, TADs can be considered as structural-functional domains of the chromosomes. Here we discuss the modern view of DNA packaging within the cell nucleus in relation to the regulation of gene expression. Special attention is paid to the possible mechanisms of the chromatin fiber self-assembly into TADs. We discuss the model postulating that partitioning of the chromosome into TADs is determined by the distribution of active and inactive chromatin segments along the chromosome. This article was specially invited by the editors and represents work by leading researchers.

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  • The ability to establish contacts between enhancers and promoters is partially controlled at the level of chromosome organization into TADs, which in many cases limit the scope of enhancers.

    “The ability to establish contacts between enhancers and promoters is partially controlled at the level of chromosome organization into topologically associated domains, which in many cases limit the scope of enhancers [38,41,130,131].”

    From Enhancer Function in the 3D Genome (2023) · cites this paper as [130]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Razin, S. V., & Ulianov, S. V.
Affiliations
Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
Corresponding author
Razin, Sergey V.
ORCID
Venue
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2017-08-29
Volume
22
Issue
1
Pages
18-18
ISSN
  • 1425-8153 (ISSN-L)
  • 1689-1392
DOI
10.1186/s11658-017-0050-4
PMC
PMC5575855
OpenAlex
W2751660050
Cited by
37
References
15
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 7
FWCI
0.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Russian Science Foundation (14-24-00022)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Chromatin Remodeling and Cancer
Keywords
chromatin folding, topologically associating domains, 30 nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome, epigenetic regulation, gene expression regulation, enhancer activity, chromatin looping, chromatin domains, nuclear organization
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Nucleus, Chromatin, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Mammals, Genome, DNA Packaging

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