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Psychometric analysis of the brief symptom inventory 18 (BSI-18) in a representative German sample
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The BSI-18 contains the three six-item scales somatization, depression, and anxiety as well as the Global Severity Index (GSI), including all 18 items. The BSI-18 is the latest and shortest of the multidimensional versions of the Symptom-Checklist 90-R, but its psychometric properties have not been sufficiently clarified yet. METHODS: Based on a representative sample of N = 2516 participants (aged 14-94 years), detailed psychometric analyses were carried out. RESULTS: The internal consistency was good: Somatization α = .82, Depression α = .87, Anxiety α = .84 and GSI α = .93. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the three scales as second-order and GSI as first-order factors. The model fit based on RMSEA is good but that model fit based on CFI and TLI are too low. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, it is a very short, reliable instrument for the assessment of psychological distress. The BSI-18 can be used to reliably assess psychological distress in the general population. However, further studies need to evaluate the usefulness of standardization in clinical samples.
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“The total sample showed in comparison with a norm sample high levels of each of the three dimensions of depression (M = 4.18; SD = 4.52 vs. Mnorm=1.27; SDnorm=2.5, Franke et al. 2017) (t(570) = 15.40, p <.001), anxiety (M = 3.67; SD = 4.30, vs. Mnorm=1.09; SDnorm=2.1, ibd.) (t(570) = 14.35, p <.001), and somatization (M = 2.23, SD = 3.00, vs. Mnorm=0.70; SDnorm=14.8, ibd.) (t(570) = 12.18, p <.001”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as Franke et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The total sample showed in comparison with a norm sample high levels of each of the three dimensions of depression (M = 4.18; SD = 4.52 vs. Mnorm=1.27; SDnorm=2.5, Franke et al. 2017) (t(570) = 15.40, p <.001), anxiety (M = 3.67; SD = 4.30, vs. Mnorm=1.09; SDnorm=2.1, ibd.) (t(570) = 14.35, p <.001), and somatization (M = 2.23, SD = 3.00, vs. Mnorm=0.70; SDnorm=14.8, ibd.) (t(570) = 12.18, p <.001”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as Franke et al. 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Confirmatory analyses confirm the three-factor structure [48].”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“The total sample showed in comparison with a norm sample high levels of each of the three dimensions of depression (M = 4.18; SD = 4.52 vs. Mnorm=1.27; SDnorm=2.5, Franke et al. 2017) (t(570) = 15.40, p <.001), anxiety (M = 3.67; SD = 4.30, vs. Mnorm=1.09; SDnorm=2.1, ibd.) (t(570) = 14.35, p <.001), and somatization (M = 2.23, SD = 3.00, vs. Mnorm=0.70; SDnorm=14.8, ibd.) (t(570) = 12.18, p <.001”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as Franke et al. 2017
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“The BSI-18 assesses validly mental stress in both normal population [48] and clinical populations [49].”
From Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Franke, G. H., Jaeger, S., Glaesmer, H., Barkmann, C., Petrowski, K., & Braehler, E.
- Affiliations
- Hochschule Magdeburg-Stendal (DE)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- German Sport University Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Franke, Gabriele Helga
- Venue
- BMC Medical Research Methodology
- Published
- 2017-01-26
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14-14
- ISSN
- 1471-2288 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5270206
- OpenAlex
- W2579974238
- Cited by
- 294
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 15.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Medical Research Methodology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- Brief Symptom Inventory-18, psychological distress, somatization, depression, anxiety, Global Severity Index, SCL-90-R, factor structure, internal consistency, German population
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Somatoform Disorders, Young Adult
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