Social media addiction: associations with attachment style, mental distress, and personality

May combine two claims.

Insecure attachment style is correlated with problematic smartphone usage and problematic internet usage.

“Supporting this, Eichenberg et al. [34] showed that insecure attachment style is correlated with problematic smartphone usage and problematic internet usage [36].”

• cites Eichenberg et al. [34] Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Comparison of students with and without problematic smartphone use in light of attachment style. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:681. sourceSupported
• cites [36] Eichenberg C, Schott M, Decker O, Sindelar B. Attachment style and internet addiction: an online survey. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19:e170. sourcePartly supported

  The Results section reports that insecurely attached participants had significantly greater Internet addiction tendencies than securely attached participants. The paper does not report an association between attachment style and problematic smartphone use; its measures concern Internet use and Web-based services. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BSMAS has repeatedly been reported with high internal consistency.

“The scale was repeatedly reported with high internal consistency, e.g., α = 0.97 [46] and α = 0.82 (at baseline) plus α = 0.86 (at follow-up) [10].”

• cites [46] Monacis L, Palo VD, Griffiths MD, Sinatra M. Validation of the internet gaming disorder scale– short-form (IGDS9-SF) in an italian-speaking sample. J Behav Addictions. 2016;5:683–90. sourcePartly supported

  The Methods > Measures section (page unavailable) reports very good internal consistency for the Bergen Social Networking Addiction Scale (BSNAS), with Cronbach’s α = .88; a Results table labels the scale BSMAS. The paper does not report α = .97 or baseline and follow-up values of .82 and .86, so it supports the general reliability point but not the cited figures or repeated measurements. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [10] Chen I-H, Strong C, Lin Y-C, Tsai M-C, Leung H, Lin C-Y, et al. Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale- short form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B). Addict Behav. 2020;101:105960. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Kuss and Griffiths relate extraversion more to older individuals and openness more to younger ones.

“The contrasting findings presented by Kuss and Griffiths [29] relate extraversion more to older individuals and openness more to younger ones.”

• cites Kuss and Griffiths [29] Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Online social networking and addiction—a review of the psychological literature. IJERPH. 2011;8:3528–52. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BSI-18 has a three-factor structure.

“Confirmatory analyses confirm the three-factor structure [48].”

• cites [48] Franke GH, Jaeger S, Glaesmer H, Barkmann C, Petrowski K, Braehler E. Psychometric analysis of the brief symptom inventory 18 (BSI-18) in a representative German sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17:14. sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract Results say confirmatory factor analysis supported the BSI-18’s three scales. However, they also say model fit was good by RMSEA but too low by CFI and TLI; the Results’ Factorial validity section reports those low values. Saying the analyses unqualifiedly ‘confirm’ the structure overstates the mixed fit evidence. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The prevalence rate of 22.8% lies within the literature reported prevalence of the BSMAS (<10-40%).

“Prevalence rate of social media addiction (22.8%) lies within the literature reported prevalence of the used instrument (BSMAS), since Chen et al. [10] specify < 10–40% for the BSMAS.”

• cites Chen et al. [10] Chen I-H, Strong C, Lin Y-C, Tsai M-C, Leung H, Lin C-Y, et al. Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale- short form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B). Addict Behav. 2020;101:105960. sourcePartly supported

  The results (p. 15) report BSMAS-based rates of 10.2% in Hong Kong participants and 21.7% in Taiwanese participants. The paper does not specify the attributed literature range of <10–40%, and 22.8% is above both rates it reports. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The BSMAS has a single-factor structure and invariance across three months among young adults.

“Chen et al. [10] confirm the single-factor structure of the scale, report only medium correlations with scales close to the construct (SABAS/smartphone addiction, IGDS-SF9/internet gaming disorder, r =.06 and 0.42), and showed invariance across three months among young adults.”

• cites Chen et al. [10] Chen I-H, Strong C, Lin Y-C, Tsai M-C, Leung H, Lin C-Y, et al. Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone Application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale- short form (IGDS-SF9) (Study Part B). Addict Behav. 2020;101:105960. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other studies have shown a positive correlation between internet addiction and general anxiety levels in students.

“Other studies have shown a positive correlation between internet addiction and general anxiety levels in students [59, 60].”

• cites [59] Azher M, Khan RB, Salim M, Bilal M, Hussain A, Haseeb M, et al. The relationship between internet addiction and anxiety among students of University of Sargodha. Int J Humanit Social Sci. 2014;4:288–93. sourceCould not verify

  The Introduction and Conclusions discuss the portrayal of war in cinema, not a relationship between internet addiction and anxiety in students. Searches for “internet addiction general anxiety levels students positive correlation” and “student anxiety internet addiction correlation” found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [60] Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, El Osta N, Karam L, Hajj A, et al. Internet addiction and relationships with insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress and self-esteem in University students: a cross-sectional designed study. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0161126. sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

It is plausible that the social-compensatory component is particularly influential in this context when it comes to social media.

“It’s plausible that the social-compensatory component is particularly influential in this context when it comes to social media [34].”

• cites [34] Eichenberg C, Schott M, Schroiff A. Comparison of students with and without problematic smartphone use in light of attachment style. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:681. sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion proposes that social compensation plays a significant role in excessive smartphone use. The Introduction links smartphones’ social-network functions to their addictive potential, but the paper does not specifically assess whether social compensation is particularly influential for social media use. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

The quote only partly states this claim.

Of the total sample of 571 college students, 22.7% (131) were classified as addicted to social media.

“Of the total sample, 22.7% of students were identified as addicted to social media.”

• Also stated in: § Social media addiction · hedged

  “A total of 131 people (22.7% of the total sample) could be classified as addicted to social media.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Social media addiction is a meaningful construct that can be measured by the BSMAS despite not being officially recognized in diagnostic classification systems.

May combine two claims.

A secure attachment cluster was primarily linked with fewer occurrences of social media addiction and a lower incidence of mental health problems.

“(1) secure attachment, primarily linked with fewer occurrences of social media addiction and a lower incidence of mental health problems;”

May combine two claims.

An ambivalent closed attachment cluster was generally associated with a higher rate of social media addiction and increased levels of mental health problems.

“(2) ambivalent closed attachment, generally associated with a higher rate of social media addiction and increased levels of mental health problems;”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Social media addiction is a meaningful construct that can be measured by the BSMAS despite not being officially recognized in diagnostic classification systems.

May combine two claims.

An ambivalent clingy attachment cluster manifested a medium prevalence of social media addiction and a relatively equitable mental health profile.

“(3) ambivalent clingy attachment, manifesting a medium prevalence of social media addiction and a relatively equitable mental health profile.”

May combine two claims.

The ambivalent closed attachment cluster is typically marked by a higher frequency of social media addiction and elevated levels of mental health problems.

“(b) ambivalent closed attachment, typically marked by a higher frequency of social media addiction and elevated levels of mental health problems;”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ratio for the change from 2 to 3 clusters is 0.512.

“Even if the ratio for the change from 2 to 3 clusters is 0.512, the ratio of distance measures that indicates how distinct the clusters are from each other is for the 3-cluster solution still 1.780, which suggests that the 3-cluster solution is equally well-defined compared to the 2-cluster solution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The distribution of age and gender was relatively even.

“The distribution of age (Table 4) and gender (Table 5) was relatively even.”

May combine two claims.

SMA differ from NSMA in their usage of social media, exhibiting higher values in usage frequency, time spent, and perceived importance.

“SMA differ from NSMA in their usage of social media, exhibiting higher values in usage frequency, time spent, and perceived importance.”

May combine two claims.

SMA scored significantly higher on all three levels-depressiveness, anxiety, and somatization-than NSMA.

“Further, SMA scored significantly higher on all three levels—depressiveness, anxiety, and somatization—than the group of NSMA, i.e., social media addicted users are comparatively more mentally stressed.”

May combine two claims.

The ambivalent clingy attachment cluster presents a moderate incidence of social media addiction and a relatively balanced mental health profile.

“(c) ambivalent clingy attachment, presenting a moderate incidence of social media addiction and a relatively balanced mental health profile.”

May combine two claims.

Two-step cluster analysis revealed three predominant clusters, chiefly characterized by three attachment styles and varying levels of social media addiction.

“Two-step cluster analysis yielded a holistic insight into the collective grouping of cases by these variables. It corroborated the findings of the univariate analyses, revealing three predominant clusters, chiefly characterized by three attachment styles and varying levels of social media addiction:”

May combine two claims.

The secure attachment cluster is predominantly associated with fewer instances of social media addiction and lower prevalence of mental health problems.

“(a) secure attachment, predominantly associated with fewer instances of social media addiction and lower prevalence of mental health problems;”

May combine two claims.

SMA report higher levels of comparison with others, dissatisfaction with their own body (especially when exposed to idealized online images), and negative self-esteem when interacting with influencers.

“They also report higher levels of “comparison with others”, “dissatisfaction with their own body (especially when exposed to idealized online images)”, and “negative self-esteem when interacting with influencers”.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

SMA use social media for a broader range of purposes compared to NSMA.

“Moreover, SMA use social media for a broader range of purposes compared to NSMA.”

May combine two claims.

The secure attachment (SA) cluster (N=140) is characterized by individuals who are slightly extroverted, less neurotic, and show lower levels of depression, anxiety, and somatization.

“The Cluster secure attachment (SA) (N = 140) is characterized by individuals who are slightly extroverted, less neurotic, and show lower levels of depression, anxiety, and somatization.”

May combine two claims.

The ambivalent closed attachment (AVA) cluster (N=231) is slightly introverted, more neurotic, and exhibits higher levels of depression and anxiety.

“The Cluster ambivalent closed attachment (AVA) (N = 231) is slightly introverted, more neurotic, and exhibits higher levels of depression and anxiety.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cluster analysis did not reveal any conspicuous distribution for gender.

“Cluster analysis did not reveal any conspicuous distribution for gender either.”

May combine two claims.

Results here confirm the positive correlation, adding to this research corpus also heightened somatic symptomatology in social media addicted students.

“Results here confirm the positive correlation adding to this research corpus also heightened somatic symptomatology in social media addicted students.”

May combine two claims.

Cluster analysis identified three clusters with varying susceptibilities to social media addiction: secure attachment lowest likelihood, ambivalent clingy medium, ambivalent closed highest.

“Cluster analysis supports this interpretation. It identified three clusters with varying susceptibilities to social media addiction: those with secure attachment exhibit the lowest likelihood, those with ambivalent clingy attachment have a medium likelihood, and those with ambivalent closed attachment display the highest likelihood.”

May combine two claims.

Students in this sample are generally more mentally stressed, with students addicted to social media being particularly mentally stressed.

“It can therefore be assumed that students in this sample are generally more mentally stressed, with students who are addicted to social media being particularly mentally stressed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Müller suggests that Internet addiction correlates with increased neuroticism scores.

“Moreover, a study by Müller [55] suggests that Internet addiction correlates with increased neuroticism scores.”

• cites Müller [55] Müller K. Wer ist gefährdet? Risikofaktoren für Internetsucht. Spielwiese internet. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2013. pp. 67–84. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Blackwell et al. demonstrated that neuroticism predicts social media use.

“Blackwell et al. [27] demonstrated that neuroticism predicts social media use.”

• cites Blackwell et al. [27] Blackwell D, Leaman C, Tramposch R, Osborne C, Liss M. Extraversion, neuroticism, attachment style and fear of missing out as predictors of social media use and addiction. Pers Indiv Differ. 2017;116:69–72. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BFPE has good internal consistencies for its scales fear of rejection, readiness for self-disclosure, and conscious need for care.

“Höger and Buschkämper [53] report good internal consistencies of the scales fear of rejection (Cronbach’s α = 0.88), readiness for self-disclosure (Cronbach’s α = 0.89), and conscious need for care (Cronbach’s α = 0.77).”

• cites Höger and Buschkämper [53] Höger D, Buschkämper S. Der Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen. Z für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2002;23:83–98. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was employed as a model selection criterion to identify the optimal number of clusters.

“For the validation of the derived clustering solution, the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) was employed as a model selection criterion to identify the optimal number of clusters.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Marengo et al. did not observe a relationship between social media addiction and extraversion.

“Marengo et al. [28] align with our findings by not observing a relationship between social media addiction and extraversion.”

• cites Marengo et al. [28] Marengo D, Poletti I, Settanni M. The interplay between neuroticism, extraversion, and social media addiction in young adult Facebook users: testing the mediating role of online activity using objective data. Addict Behav. 2020;102:106150. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kırcaburun identified a significant positive relationship between depressive symptoms, internet use, and social media addiction.

“Kırcaburun [57] also identified a significant positive relationship between depressive symptoms, internet use, and social media addiction.”

• cites Kırcaburun [57]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The authors opt for the 3-cluster solution because BIC drops more slowly beyond this point, suggesting diminishing returns in model fit and sufficient granular segmentation.

“Given this information, we opt for the 3-cluster solution, since the BIC drops more slowly beyond this point, suggesting diminishing returns in terms of model fit as more clusters are added and the 3-cluster solution offers a sufficient granular segmentation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The survey received approval from the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Psychotherapy Science and the Faculty of Psychology of the Sigmund Freud University PrivatVienna.

“The survey received approval from the Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Psychotherapy Science and the Faculty of Psychology of the Sigμund Freud University PrivatVienna.”

May combine two claims.

The BFI-10 has sufficient construct validity and factorial validity.

“Rammstedt et al. [51] report sufficient construct validity correlating the BFI-10 with the NEO-PI-R and factorial validity by conducting principal component analyses on a representative sample.”

• cites Rammstedt et al. [51] Rammstedt B, Kemper CJ, Klein MC, Beierlein C, Kovaleva A. Eine Kurze Skala Zur Messung Der fünf Dimensionen Der Persönlichkeit: big-five-Inventory-10 (BFI-10). Mannheim: GESIS - Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften; 2012. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The BFI-10 has moderate test-retest reliability after 6 weeks in a student sample.

“Rammstedt und John [50] report moderate test–retest reliability after 6 weeks in a student sample (agreeableness: rtt = 0.58, neuroticism: rtt = 0.74, conscientiousness: rtt = 0.77, openness to experience: rtt = 0.72, extraversion: rtt = 0.84).”

• cites Rammstedt und John [50]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The survey did not deploy open-ended questions concerning usage duration because of evidence that users often overestimate their screen time.

“In light of evidence suggesting a discrepancy between objective and self-reported usage time—where users often overestimate their screen time [45]—the survey did not deploy open-ended questions concerning usage duration.”

• cites [45] Deng T, Kanthawala S, Meng J, Peng W, Kononova A, Hao Q, et al. Measuring smartphone usage and task switching with log tracking and self-reports. Mob Media Communication. 2019;7:3–23. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The number of clusters was determined based on the Schwarz Bayesian Criterion (BIC), and the selected model was validated by examining the silhouette measure of cohesion and separation.

“The number of clusters was determined based on the Schwarz Bayesian Criterion (BIC), and the selected model was further validated by examining the silhouette measure of cohesion and separation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The non-binary gender category was omitted from analyses due to very small case number to maintain robustness.

“To maintain robustness of analyses, the non-binary gender category was omitted due to very small case number.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Given the primary focus on younger participants, the results are consistent with these observations.

“Given our primary focus on younger participants, our results are consistent with these observations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Kırcaburun's study, the level of depression in adolescents was indirectly influenced by social media addiction; addicts spent more time online, amplifying the risk of depressive symptoms.

“In his study, the level of depression in adolescents was indirectly influenced by social media addiction; addicts spent more time online, amplifying the risk of depressive symptoms.”

• cites Kırcaburun [57]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individuals with elevated neuroticism scores associate Internet topics with significantly stronger positive arousal compared to a healthy control group.

“Interestingly, individuals with elevated neuroticism scores associate Internet topics with significantly stronger positive arousal compared to a healthy control group [56].”

• cites [56] Wölfling K, Beutel M, Dreier M, Müller K. Risikofaktoren Von Verhaltenssucht: Explizite Persönlichkeitsfaktoren Und Implizite Assoziationsstärken Bei Pathologischem Glücksspiel Und Internetsucht. Suchttherapie. 2015;16:s–0035. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

SMA tend to be more emotionally unstable and easily irritable.

“SMA scored significantly higher on the neuroticism dimension than NSMA, suggesting that they tend to be more emotionally unstable and easily irritable.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ambivalent clinging and closed attachment styles differ primarily in their perceived willingness to open up.

“The ambivalent clinging and closed attachment styles differ primarily in their perceived willingness to open up.”

• cites [53] Höger D, Buschkämper S. Der Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen. Z für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2002;23:83–98. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Numerous studies have established a connection between an anxious attachment style and both heavy social media use and addiction to it.

“Numerous studies have established a connection between an anxious attachment style and both heavy social media use [39–41] and addiction to it [42].”

• cites [39] Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Hudiburgh LM. The relationships among attachment style, personality traits, interpersonal competency, and Facebook use. J Appl Dev Psychol. 2012;33:294–301. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [40] Liu H, Shi J, Liu Y, Sheng Z. The moderating role of attachment anxiety on social network site use intensity and social capital. Psychol Rep. 2013;112:252–65. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [41] Oldmeadow JA, Quinn S, Kowert R. Attachment style, social skills, and Facebook use amongst adults. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29:1142–9. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [42] Eroglu Y. Interrelationship between attachment styles and Facebook addiction. J Educ Train Stud. 2016;4:150–60.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Baltaci highlighted social anxiety as a predictor for social media addiction among university students.

“Baltaci [23] highlighted social anxiety as a predictor for social media addiction among university students.”

• cites Baltaci [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This gender bias has been frequently observed in online surveys.

“Though, this gender bias has been frequently observed in online surveys [71].”

• cites [71] Jackob N, Schoen H, Zerback T, editors. Sozialforschung Im Internet. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften; 2009. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ambivalent closed style exhibits a notably low willingness to open up.

“The former demonstrates a moderate willingness, allowing for the expression of strong attachment needs associated with the hyperactivated attachment system, while the latter exhibits a notably low willingness to open [53].”

• cites [53] Höger D, Buschkämper S. Der Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen. Z für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2002;23:83–98. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Possible self-selection processes could be of importance since online surveys are prone to an inherent selection bias.

“So, possible self-selection processes could be of importance since online surveys are prone to an inherent selection bias.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

This dynamic could exacerbate their acceptance issues, perpetuating a detrimental cycle.

“This dynamic could exacerbate their acceptance issues, perpetuating a detrimental cycle.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is evidence that women are more prone to social media addiction.

“Which in turn can affect the prevalence of social media addiction since there is evidence that women are more prone to social media addiction [8].”

• cites [8] Bischof G, Bischof A, Meyer C, John U, Rumpf HJ. Prävalenz Der Internetabhängigkeit– Diagnostik und Risikoprofile (PINTA-DIARI). Kompaktbericht an das Bundesministerium für Gesundheit (Prevalence of Internet Addiction - Diagnostics and Risk profiles (PINTA-DIARI). Compact report to the Federal Ministry of Health). Lübeck; 2013.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Wu et al. found that internet addiction correlates with depression in adolescents, exerting direct, mediated, and moderating effects on depression levels.

“Similarly, Wu et al. [58] found that internet addiction correlates with depression in adolescents, exerting direct, mediated, and moderating effects on depression levels.”

• cites Wu et al. [58] Wu AMS, Li J, Lau JTF, Mo PKH, Lau MMC. Potential impact of internet addiction and protective psychosocial factors onto depression among Hong Kong Chinese adolescents– direct, mediation and moderation effects. Compr Psychiatr. 2016;70:41–52. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The anonymity afforded by the internet allows a new representation of the self to be created, helping this group to compensate for feared problems of acceptance.

“The anonymity afforded by the internet allows a new representation of the self to be created, helping this group to compensate for feared problems of acceptance (ibid.).”

• cites ibid.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Secure attachment and high self-esteem can act as protective factors against social media addiction.

“Conversely, secure attachment and high self-esteem can act as protective factors against such addiction [38].”

• cites [38] Demircioğlu ZI, Köse AG. Mediating effects of self-esteem in the relationship between attachment styles and social media addiction among university students. 2020.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A study involving Turkish students revealed that insecure attachment styles might serve as risk factors for social media addiction.

“A study involving Turkish students revealed that insecure attachment styles might serve as risk factors for social media addiction [38].”

• cites [38] Demircioğlu ZI, Köse AG. Mediating effects of self-esteem in the relationship between attachment styles and social media addiction among university students. 2020.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data are based on self-reporting in an online survey.

“It should be noted that the data are based on self-reporting in an online survey.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Response rate is comparable with other online-survey studies.

“Response rate is comparable with other online-survey studies [70].”

• cites [70] Sax LJ, Gilmartin SK, Bryant AN. Assessing response rates and nonresponse bias in web and paper surveys. Res High Educt. 2003;44:409–32. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The ambivalent clinging style demonstrates a moderate willingness to open up, allowing for expression of strong attachment needs associated with the hyperactivated attachment system.

“The former demonstrates a moderate willingness, allowing for the expression of strong attachment needs associated with the hyperactivated attachment system, while the latter exhibits a notably low willingness to open [53].”

• cites [53] Höger D, Buschkämper S. Der Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen. Z für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2002;23:83–98. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

This pattern suggests heightened anxiety and a secondary hyperactivating (ambivalent) strategy.

“This pattern suggests heightened anxiety and a secondary hyperactivating (ambivalent) strategy (ibid.).”

• cites ibid.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

According to Höger and Buschkämper, individuals with an ambivalent attachment style exhibit an increased need for attention and concurrently face heightened acceptance issues.

“According to Höger and Buschkämper [53], individuals with an ambivalent attachment style exhibit an increased need for attention and concurrently face heightened acceptance issues.”

• cites Höger and Buschkämper [53] Höger D, Buschkämper S. Der Bielefelder Fragebogen zu Partnerschaftserwartungen. Z für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie. 2002;23:83–98. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Oldmeadow et al. discovered a relationship between anxious attachment and seeking comfort on Facebook, noting an increase in Facebook usage, especially during negative emotional states.

“Oldmeadow et al. [41] also discovered a relationship between anxious attachment and seeking comfort on Facebook, noting an increase in Facebook usage, especially during negative emotional states.”

• cites Oldmeadow et al. [41] Oldmeadow JA, Quinn S, Kowert R. Attachment style, social skills, and Facebook use amongst adults. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29:1142–9. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other research has indicated a mediating effect of attachment style on smartphone addiction.

“Other research [66, 67] has indicated a mediating effect of attachment style on smartphone addiction.”

• cites [66] Kwan HC, Leung MT. The path model of parenting style, attachment style, self-regulation and smartphone addiction. Applied psychology. Concorde Hotel. Singapore: WORLD SCIENTIFIC; 2015. pp. 196–214. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [67] Yelpaze İ. The mediator role of self-control in the relationship between insecure attachment styles and problematic smartphone use in adolescents. Turkish Psychol Couns Guidance J. 2020;10:457–73.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This may inadvertently expose SMA users to the pitfalls of social media, such as body dissatisfaction and reduced self-esteem when interacting with influencers.

“However, this may inadvertently expose SMA users to the pitfalls of social media, such as body dissatisfaction and reduced self-esteem when interacting with influencers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The design of the study is cross-sectional.

“Further, it could be discussed that the design of the study is cross-sectional.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Based on the data, it appears this new representation of the self is often facilitated through image-focused platforms like Instagram and Pinterest.

“Based on the data, it appears this new representation of the self is often facilitated through image-focused platforms like “Instagram” and “Pinterest”.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Such a deficit in openness may prompt compensatory behavior to satiate the intensive need for attention in the manageable environment of the digital world.

“Such a deficit in openness may prompt compensatory behavior to satiate the intensive need for attention in the manageable environment of the digital world, where any conversation can be terminated with a click.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

This intense attention-seeking behavior seems to find satisfaction through image-centric services on social media, instigating negative comparative processes with others and potentially reinforcing acceptance issues in a self-perpetuating cycle, with mental stress being a substantial correlate.

“This intense attention-seeking behavior seems to find satisfaction through image-centric services on social media, instigating negative comparative processes with others and potentially reinforcing acceptance issues in a self-perpetuating cycle, with mental stress being a substantial correlate.”