A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) in a naturalistic setting is related to sustained enhancement of satisfaction with life, mindfulness-related capacities, and a decrement of psychopathological symptoms.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (hereinafter referred to as 5-MeO-DMT) is a psychedelic substance found in the secretion from the parotoid glands of the Bufo alvarius toad. Inhalation of vapor from toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT has become popular in naturalistic settings as a treatment of mental health problems or as a means for spiritual exploration. However, knowledge of the effects of 5-MeO-DMT in humans is limited. AIMS: The first objective of this study was to assess sub-acute and long-term effects of inhaling vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT on affect and cognition. The second objective was to assess whether any changes were associated with the psychedelic experience. METHODS: Assessments at baseline, within 24 h and 4 weeks following intake, were made in 42 individuals who inhaled vapor from dried toad secretion at several European locations. RESULTS: Relative to baseline, ratings of satisfaction with life and convergent thinking significantly increased right after intake and were maintained at follow-up 4 weeks later. Ratings of mindfulness also increased over time and reached statistical significance at 4 weeks. Ratings of depression, anxiety, and stress decreased after the session, and reached significance at 4 weeks. Participants that experienced high levels of ego dissolution or oceanic boundlessness during the session displayed higher ratings of satisfaction with life and lower ratings of depression and stress. CONCLUSION: A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT produces sub-acute and long-term changes in affect and cognition in volunteers. These results warrant exploratory research into therapeutic applications of 5-MeO-DMT.
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Greater acute effects of psychedelics on measures of mystical experiences are associated with positive effects in multiple domains including attitudes, prosocial behavior, depression, anxiety and satisfaction with life in healthy individuals.
“Greater acute effects of psychedelics on measures of mystical experiences are associated with positive effects in multiple domains including attitudes, prosocial behavior, depression, anxiety and satisfaction with life in healthy individuals (Davis et al. 2019;Griffiths et al. 2018Griffiths et al. , 2011;;Uthaug et al. 2019).”
From Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study (2023) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
The Discussion reports that stronger acute experiences after inhalation of 5-MeO-DMT were associated with greater life satisfaction and lower depression and stress ratings. The Methods identify oceanic boundlessness as a measure of mystical-type experience. Our copy does not establish the claimed association with improved attitudes, prosocial behavior, or anxiety in this study; its findings are also specific to 5-MeO-DMT rather than psychedelics generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychedelics have repeatedly produced enhancements in well-being in healthy individuals, including enhanced mood, altruistic behaviour and prosociality, as well as significant decreases in clinical symptomatology.
“Psychedelics have also been shown to repeatedly produce enhancements in well-being in healthy individuals, giving rise to effects such as enhanced mood, altruistic behaviour and prosociality, as well as significant decreases in clinical symptomatology (39–41).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (Affect and cognition; DASS-21; page not supplied) report increased satisfaction with life and significant reductions in self-rated depression, anxiety, and stress four weeks after 5-MeO-DMT inhalation. Methods (Participants; page not supplied) indicates most participants reported no mental health disorder. The paper does not establish repeated effects across psychedelics, enhanced altruistic behaviour or prosociality, or a causal effect; its findings come from one observational study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent studies have demonstrated the capacity of various psychedelics to enhance trait mindfulness post-acutely, even in the absence of a theoretical or practical context of mindfulness training.
“Recent studies have also demonstrated the capacity of various psychedelics to enhance trait mindfulness post-acutely, even in the absence of a theoretical or practical context of mindfulness training, evidencing a complementary relationship between mindfulness-training and psychedelics (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (FFMQ-15; page not available) report improved non-judgment and awareness four weeks after a 5-MeO-DMT session, supporting a post-acute increase in measured mindfulness-related capacities. The Methods (Setting; page not available) say participants were advised to increase mindful introspection, so the claimed absence of a mindfulness-related context is not established; the observational study also lacked a control group to demonstrate a causal capacity of the psychedelic. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnhanced acceptance towards present-moment thoughts and emotions has been observed post-acutely following the administration of ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, which was maintained for up to 1 month.
“Furthermore, enhanced acceptance towards present-moment thoughts and emotions has been observed post-acutely following the administration of ayahuasca and 5-MeO-DMT, which was maintained for up to 1 month (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
The Methods define non-judgment as not judging present experience, and the Results (FFMQ-15; page unavailable) report improved non-judgment four weeks after 5-MeO-DMT inhalation. However, the sub-acute mindfulness assessments did not differ significantly from baseline, so this paper does not establish an enhancement immediately after administration that was maintained for a month. Its Discussion mentions a separate ayahuasca study but does not establish the claimed month-long acceptance effect for ayahuasca. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn naturalistic psychedelic ceremonies, facilitators administering the drug often have no medical or clinical background, and so are unable to respond in a case of emergency and cannot exclude individuals with counterindications from the sessions.
“This has ethical implications, as often the facilitators administering the drug have no medical or clinical background (40, 59), and so are unable to respond in a case of emergency and cannot exclude individuals with counterindications from the sessions.”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A single inhalation of vapor from dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT produces sub-acute and long-term improvements in affect and cognition in undiagnosed participants in naturalistic ceremonies.
“dried toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT produces sub-acute and long-term improvements in affect and cognition in 42 undiagnosed participants in naturalistic ceremonies.”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
The Results (Picture Concept Test) report improved convergent thinking within 24 hours and at four weeks, and the Discussion reports improvements in life satisfaction, mindfulness, and symptoms. But the Methods (Participants) say only 32 of the 42 participants reported no mental health disorder, not that all 42 were undiagnosed. The Discussion also cautions that, without a control group, the observed changes cannot confidently be attributed to the inhalation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe percentage of individuals that achieved maximum ego dissolution was higher in the Uthaug et al. 2019 study compared to the present study.
“Likewise, the percentage of individuals that achieved maximum ego dissolution was higher as compared to the present study.”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
The Results (Psychedelic experience > EDI; page unavailable) report that ego-dissolution scores reached 100, the scale’s maximum. They do not give the percentage of participants who scored 100: the approximately 80% reported in the 60–100 range includes scores below the maximum. The claimed percentage comparison therefore cannot be established from this paper. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe magnitude of ratings in the current study was 20-30% lower than in the Uthaug et al. 2019 study.
“However, in the latter study, the magnitude of ratings was 20–30% higher than in the current study.”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
The Results (Psychedelic experience and 5D-ASC; page unavailable) report ratings for the Uthaug et al. study, including a mean ego-dissolution rating of 74.24 and mean oceanic-boundlessness rating of 65.8%. Our copy does not report ratings from the citing authors’ current study, so it cannot substantiate the claimed 20–30% difference. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInhalation of vaporized synthetic 5-MeO-DMT primarily induced experience of unity, a blissfull state, and elementary imagery whereas inhalation of vaporized toad secretion induced experience of unity, spiritual experience, and a blissfull state (Uthaug et al. 2019).
“Inhalation of vaporized synthetic 5-MeO-DMT primarily induced experience of unity, a blissfull state, and elementary imagery whereas inhalation of vaporized toad secretion induced experience of unity, spiritual experience, and a blissfull state (Uthaug et al. 2019).”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSimilar reductions in ratings of anxiety symptoms have been demonstrated in naturalistic samples with heterogeneous mental health status.
“and in naturalistic samples with heterogeneous mental health status (21–23).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Psychedelics have been repeatedly found to enhance mindfulness capacities.
“A further psychological process which may be of particular salience when discussing therapeutic efficacy for anxiety, and which psychedelics have been repeatedly found to enhance, are mindfulness capacities (10, 22, 23, 42–46).”
From Decreases in State and Trait Anxiety Post-psilocybin: A Naturalistic, Observational Study Among Retreat Attendees (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness.
“as macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020;Soler et al. 2016;Uthaug et al. 2019)”
From Psychedelic Microdosing, Mindfulness, and Anxiety: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study (2023) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
Spontaneous enhancements in trait mindfulness have been reported following the administration of various psychedelics, even outside of a mindfulness-enhancing context.
“Spontaneous enhancements in trait mindfulness have also been reported following the administration of various psychedelics, even outside of a mindfulness-enhancing context (40, 52, 56–59).”
From Examining the Potential Synergistic Effects Between Mindfulness Training and Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [40]
These ratings are qualitatively similar but lower in magnitude than reported after inhalation of vaporized toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT from the Incilius alvarius toad (Uthaug et al. 2019).
“These ratings are qualitatively similar but lower in magnitude than reported after inhalation of vaporized toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT from the Incilius alvarius toad (Uthaug et al. 2019).”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
The present findings are in line with previous research on use of synthetic 5-MeO-DMT in ceremonial settings (Davis et al. 2019), as well as a naturalistic observational study investigating the effects following use of toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT (Uthaug et al. 2019).
“However, the present findings are in line with previous research on use of synthetic 5-MeO-DMT in ceremonial settings (Davis et al. 2019), as well as a naturalistic observational study investigating the effects following use of toad secretion containing 5-MeO-DMT (Uthaug et al. 2019).”
From Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment (2020) · cites this paper as Uthaug et al. 2019
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“…studies on psilocybin; ayahuasca and toad secretion have shown that stronger psychedelic experiences are associated with larger changes in subjective health outcomes (Bogenschutz et al. 2015; Griffiths et al. 2006; Roseman et al. 2018; Ross and Thomas 2010; Uthaug et al. 2019; Uthaug et al. 2018).”
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“Similarly, Uthaug et al. 55 In this review, we summarized subacute effects across different classic serotonergic psychedelics.”
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Synthesis and Characterization of 5-MeO-DMT Succinate for Clinical Use
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Trends in the Top-Cited Articles on Classic Psychedelics
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Benefits and Challenges of Ultra-Fast, Short-Acting Psychedelics in the Treatment of Depression
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Serotonergic Psychedelics in Neural Plasticity
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The Altered States Database: Psychometric data from a systematic literature review
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Self-citation5-MeO-DMT: An atypical psychedelic with unique pharmacology, phenomenology & risk?
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Self-citationPsychedelics and mindfulness: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Transpersonal Ecodelia: Surveying Psychedelically Induced Biophilia
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Psychological effects of psychedelics in adolescents
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Predictors and potentiators of psychedelic-occasioned mystical experiences
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Psychedelics and environmental virtues
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“…et al. 2016; Palhano-Fontes et al. 2015), and as macrodoses have been associated with increased mindfulness (Madsen et al. 2020; Soler et al. 2016; Uthaug et al. 2019), the third aim of this study was to investigate if trait mindfulness mediates the association between microdosing and trait…”
BackgroundInfluentialMicrodosing psychedelics as cognitive and emotional enhancers.
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Alkaloids from the entheogenic plant Peganum harmala
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- Authors
- Uthaug, M. V., Lancelotta, R., van Oorsouw, K., Kuypers, K. P. C., Mason, N., Rak, J., Šuláková, A., Jurok, R., Maryška, M., Kuchař, M., Páleníček, T., Riba, J., & Ramaekers, J. G.
- Affiliations
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Charles University (CZ)
- National Institute of Mental Health (CZ)
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague (CZ)
- Corresponding author
- Uthaug, M. V.
- Ramaekers, J. G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2019-04-13
- Volume
- 236
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2653-2666
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- PMC
- PMC6695371
- OpenAlex
- W2938570586
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 24.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Czech Ministery of Interior Affairs (VI20172020056)
- Czech Ministery of Education, Youth and Sports (LO1611)
- Charles University Prague (PROGRES Q35)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Paranormal Experiences and Beliefs
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- 5-MeO-DMT, Bufo alvarius, vapor inhalation, psychedelic effects, life satisfaction, mindfulness, ego dissolution, depression, anxiety, stress, convergent thinking, long-term effects, naturalistic settings
- MeSH terms
- Vaping, Administration, Inhalation, Adult, Animals, Mental Disorders, Bufonidae, Cognition, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Methoxydimethyltryptamines, Personal Satisfaction, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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