Antibiotic resistance and clonal diversity of invasive Staphylococcus aureus in the rural Ashanti Region, Ghana
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common pathogens isolated from blood cultures in Ghana; yet the epidemiology of blood infections in rural settings is poorly described. This study aims to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility and clonal diversity of S. aureus causing bloodstream infections in two hospitals in the Ashanti Region, Ghana. METHODS: Blood cultures were performed for all febrile patients (≥37.5 °C) on hospital admission. Antibiotic susceptibility testing for S. aureus isolates was carried out by the VITEK 2 system. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect S. aureus-specific nuc gene, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA)-specific mecA and mecC genes. The population structure of S. aureus was assessed by spa typing. RESULTS: In total, 9,834 blood samples were cultured, out of which 0.6% (n = 56) were positive for S. aureus. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was detected in 35.7% (n = 20) of the S. aureus strains, of which one was a MRSA. The highest rate of antibiotic resistance was seen for commonly available antibiotics, including penicillin (n = 55; 98.2%), tetracycline (n = 32; 57.1%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 26; 46.4%). Of all S. aureus strains, 75.0% (n = 42) carried the PVL-encoding genes. We found 25 different spa types with t355 (n = 11; 19.6%), t314 (n = 8; 14.3%), t084 (n = 8; 14.3%) and t311 (n = 5; 8.9%) being predominant. CONCLUSION: The study exhibited an alarmingly large level of antibiotic resistance to locally available antibiotics. The frequency of genetically diverse and PVL-positive methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was high and could represent a reservoir for the emergence of virulent PVL-positive MRSA clones.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In human studies, two reported MDR in S. aureus at a prevalence of 35.7% and 84.6%.
“For the “human studies”, two reported MDR in S. aureus at a prevalence of 35.7% and 84.6% [16,20].”
From A Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Ghana from a One Health Perspective (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Magiorakos, A.-P., Srinivasan, A., Carey, R. B., Carmeli, Y., Falagas, M. E., Giske, C. G., Harbarth, S., Hindler, J. F., Kahlmeter, G., Olsson-Liljequist, B., et al. (2012) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x · Cited by 14,449 · see citing works
Harmsen, D., Claus, H., Witte, W., Rothgänger, J., Claus, H., Turnwald, D., & Vogel, U. F. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.41.12.5442-5448.2003 · Cited by 1,577 · see citing works
Gillet, Y., Issartel, B., Vanhems, P., Fournet, J.-C., Lina, G., Bes, M., Vandenesch, F., Piémont, Y., Brousse, N., Floret, D., et al. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07877-7 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
Otto, M. J. (2013) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.11.004 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Shallcross, L. J., Fragaszy, E., Johnson, A. M., & Hayward, A. C. (2012) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70238-4 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
McClure, J., Conly, J. M., Lau, V., Elsayed, S., Louie, T., Hutchins, W., & Zhang, K. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.44.3.1141-1144.2006 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Mellmann, A., Weniger, T., Berssenbrügge, C., Rothgänger, J., Sammeth, M., Stoye, J., & Harmsen, D. (2007) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-7-98 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Antibiotic resistance and molecular epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in Nigeria
Shittu, A. O., Okon, K. O., Adesida, S. A., Oyedara, O. O., Witte, W., Strommenger, B., Layer, F., & Nübel, U. (2011) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-11-92 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
New epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus infection in Africa
Schaumburg, F., Alabi, A. S., Peters, G., & Becker, K. (2014) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12690 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs in Ghana
Donkor, E. S., & Newman, M. J. (2011) · Infection and Drug Resistance · doi:10.2147/idr.s21769 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Ghebremedhin, B., Olugbosi, M. O., Raji, A. M., Layer, F., Bakare, R. A., König, B., & König, W. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.00648-09 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Ruimy, R., Maïga, A., Armand-Lefèvre, L., Maïga, I., Diallo, A., Koumaré, A. K., Ouattara, K., Soumaré, S., Gaillard, K., Lucet, J., et al. (2008) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.01947-07 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rasigade, J., Laurent, F. J., Lina, G., Meugnier, H., Bes, M., Vandenesch, F., Étienne, J., & Tristan, A. (2010) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/652008 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Breurec, S., Fall, C., Pouillot, R., Boisier, P., Brisse, S., Sarr, F. D., Djibo, S., Étienne, J., Fonkoua, M., Perrier-Gros-Claude, J.-D., et al. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03320.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Egyir, B., Guardabassi, L., Sørum, M., Nielsen, S. S., Kolekang, A., Frimpong, E., Addo, K. K., Newman, M. J., & Larsen, A. R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089716 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Pichon, B., Hill, R., Laurent, F. J., Larsen, A. R., Skov, R. L., Holmes, M. A., Edwards, G. F., Teale, C. J., & Kearns, A. (2012) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dks221 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Breurec, S., Zriouil, S. B., Fall, C., Boisier, P., Brisse, S., Djibo, S., Étienne, J., Fonkoua, M., Perrier-Gros-Claude, J.-D., Pouillot, R., et al. (2010) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03219.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Ramdani‐Bouguessa, N., Bes, M., Meugnier, H., Forey, F., Reverdy, M. E., Lina, G., Vandenesch, F., Tazir, M., & Étienne, J. (2006) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.50.3.1083-1085.2006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
David, M. Z., Boyle‐Vavra, S., Zychowski, D., & Daum, R. S. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018217 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Shittu, A. O., Oyedara, O. O., Abegunrin, F., Okon, K. O., Raji, M. A., Taiwo, S. S., Ogunsola, F. T., Onyedibe, K. I., & Elisha, G. (2012) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-12-286 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ayepola, O. O., Olasupo, N. A., Egwari, L. O., Becker, K., & Schaumburg, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137531 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between mothers and infants in an African setting
Schaumburg, F., Alabi, A. S., Mombo‐Ngoma, G., Kaba, H., Manego, R. Z., Diop, D. A., Mackanga, J.-R., Basra, A. A., González, R., Menéndez, C., et al. (2013) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/1469-0691.12417 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Population Structure of Staphylococcus aureus from Remote African Babongo Pygmies
Schaumburg, F., Köck, R., Friedrich, A. W., Soulanoudjingar, S., Ngoa, U. A., von Eiff, C., Issifou, S., Kremsner, P. G., Herrmann, M., Peters, G., et al. (2011) · PLoS neglected tropical diseases · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001150 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Mariem, B. J.-J., Ito, T., Zhang, M., Jin, J., Li, S., Ilhem, B. B. B., Adnan, H., Han, X., & Hiramatsu, K. (2013) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/1471-2180-13-2 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Egyir, B., Guardabassi, L., Nielsen, S. S., Larsen, J., Addo, K. K., Newman, M. J., & Larsen, A. R. (2013) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2013.05.006 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Saana, M. (2013) · Journal of Bacteriology Research · doi:10.5897/jbr2012.0081 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Darboe, S., Dobreniecki, S., Jarju, S., Jallow, M., Mohammed, N. I., Wathuo, M., Ceesay, B., Tweed, S., Roy, R. B., Okomo, U. A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00170 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Human mecC-Carrying MRSA: Clinical Implications and Risk Factors
Lozano, C., Fernández‐Fernández, R., Ruiz-Ripa, L., Gómez, P., Zarazaga, M., & Torres, C. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8101615 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Paintsil, E. K., Ofori, L. A., Akenten, C. W., Fosu, D., Ofori, S., Lamshöft, M., May, J., Danso, K. O., Krumkamp, R., & Dekker, D. M. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10070800 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationA Systematic Review on Antimicrobial Resistance in Ghana from a One Health Perspective
Donkor, E. S., Odoom, A., Osman, A.-H., Darkwah, S., & Kotey, F. C. N. (2024) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics13070662 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“For the “human studies”, two reported MDR in S. aureus at a prevalence of 35.7% and 84.6% [16,20].”
BackgroundInfluentialLawal, O. U., Ayobami, O., Abouelfetouh, A. A. Y., Mourabit, N., Kaba, M., Egyir, B., Abdulgader, S. M., & Shittu, A. O. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.860436 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Dweba, C. C., Zishiri, O. T., & Zowalaty, M. E. E. (2019) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens8020079 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Colonization of HIV-Infected Children with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Donkor, E. S., Kotey, F. C. N., Dayie, N. T. K. D., Duodu, S., Tetteh‐Quarcoo, P. B., Osei, M., & Tette, E. M. A. (2019) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens8010035 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Kwapisz, E., Garbacz, K., Kosecka-Strojek, M., SCHUBERT, J., Bania, J., & Międzobrodzki, J. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-76009-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a burn unit of a tertiary care center in Ghana
Amissah, N. A., van Dam, L., Ablordey, A. S., Ampomah, O.-W., Prah, I., Tetteh, C. S., van der Werf, T. S., Friedrich, A. W., Rossen, J. W. A., van Dijl, J. M., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181072 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Paintsil, E. K., Ofori, L. A., Adobea, S., Akenten, C. W., Phillips, R. O., Maïga‐Ascofaré, O., Lamshöft, M., May, J., Danso, K. O., Krumkamp, R., et al. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11020140 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAppiah, B., Asamoah-Akuoko, L., Samman, E., Koduah, A., Kretchy, I. A., Ludu, J. Y., Odonkor, G., Nam, S. H., & Gyansa-Luterrodt, M. (2022) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-022-01062-6 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kazimoto, T., Abdulla, S., Bategereza, L., Juma, O. A., Mhimbira, F., Weisser, M., Utzinger, J., von Müller, L., & Becker, S. L. (2018) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Appiah, V. A., Pesewu, G. A., Kotey, F. C. N., Boakye, A. N., Duodu, S., Tette, E. M. A., Nyarko, M. Y., & Donkor, E. S. (2020) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens9050329 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wolters, M., Frickmann, H., Christner, M., Both, A., Rohde, H., Oppong, K., Akenten, C. W., May, J., & Dekker, D. M. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8122052 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGarrine, M., Costa, S. S., Messa, A., Massora, S., Vubil, D. C., Acácio, S., Nhampossa, T., Bassat, Q., Mandomando, I., & Couto, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1208131 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Ghana: Past, Present, and Future
Donkor, E. S., Dayie, N. T. K. D., & Tette, E. M. A. (2019) · Microbial Drug Resistance · doi:10.1089/mdr.2018.0115 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Egyir, B., Bentum, J., Attram, N., Fox, A., Obeng‐Nkrumah, N., Labi, A.-K., Behene, E., Kumordjie, S., Yeboah, C., Agbodzi, B., et al. (2021) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens10020196 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Egyir, B., Owusu-Nyantakyi, C., Bortey, A., Amuasi, G. R., Owusu, F. A., Boateng, W., Ahmed, H., Danso, J. K., Oclu, A., Mohktar, Q., et al. (2024) · mSphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00446-24 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Abdullahi, I. N., Issaoui, R., & Usman, Y. (2022) · IJID Regions · doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.05.009 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Resistance Status of Bacteria from a Health Facility in Ghana: A Retrospective Study
Inusah, A., Quansah, E., Fosu, K., & Dadzie, I. (2021) · Journal of Pathogens · doi:10.1155/2021/6648247 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lin, T., Li, Q., Jin, D., Wanbo, L., Tang, C., & Zhang, X. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1155/2021/5354747 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Tagoe, J., Yeboah, C., Behene, E., Kumordjie, S., Nimo-Paintsil, S., Attram, N., Nyarko, E. O., Carroll, J. A., Fox, A. T., Watters, C. M., et al. (2023) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.23-0099 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Deasy, E. C., Brennan, G. I., Tecklenborg, S. C., Umeh, C., Coleman, D. C., & Shore, A. C. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03523-0 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis on antibiotic resistance genes in Ghana
Donkor, E. S., Odoom, A., Osman, A.-H., Darkwah, S. O., & Kotey, F. C. N. (2025) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-024-02050-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Occurrence and Health Risks of Antibiotic Resistance in African Aquatic Systems
Gwenzi, W., Ngaza, N., Marumure, J., Makuvara, Z., Muteveri, M., Nyambiya, I., Musvuugwa, T., & Chaukura, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23796-6_7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bakeer, W., Gaafar, M., EL-Gendy, A. O., El‐Badry, M. A., Alblwi, N. A. N., Selim, H. M. R. M., Alharbi, N. K., & Bendary, M. M. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041051 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Liu, L., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Xian, X., Yu, X., Li, Y., Chen, Y., Sun, G., Cheng, L., Liu, T., et al. (2025) · Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance · doi:10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Allou, N., Allyn, J., Traversier, N., Baron, M., Blondé, R., Dupieux, C., Coolen, N., Jabot, J., & Miltgen, G. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10422 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
(2023) · Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.11.009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Association of PVL Gene in MSSA and MRSA Strains among Diabetic Ulcer Patients from Odisha, India
Pany, S., Sharma, B. M., Sen, S. K., & Pal, B. B. (2022) · The International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds · doi:10.1177/15347346221091355 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Abubakari, A. W., Agbeko, R., Osei‐Adjei, G., & Kümmerli, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1696696 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kouamé-Sina, S. M., N’golo, D. C., Fernique, K., Yakoura, K. O., Kan, S. K., Solange, N., Nathalie, K. G., & Adjehi, D. (2018) · African Journal of Microbiology Research · doi:10.5897/ajmr2018.8986 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hameed, H. Q., Saeed, I. A., & Hussain, E. A. (2023) · Bionatura · doi:10.21931/rb/2023.08.01.47 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kotey, F. C. N. (2018) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in a burn unit of a tertiary care center in Bhubaneswar
Das, D. J. K. (2018) · Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research · doi:10.18535/jmscr/v6i12.187
Antibiotic resistance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Trends and Challenges
Waana-Ang, E. (2023) · Central European Management Journal · doi:10.57030/23364890.cemj.31.2.6
Tracking of multidrug-resistant pathogen clones in Ghana: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Odoom, A., & Donkor, E. S. (2025) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-025-02161-0
Appiah, B., Asamoah‐Akuoko, L., Samman, E., Koduah, A., Kretchy, I. A., Ludu, J. Y., Odonkor, G., Nam, S. H., & Gyansa-Luterrodt, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19126277
Appiah, B., Asamoah‐Akuoko, L., Samman, E., Koduah, A., Kretchy, I. A., Ludu, J. Y., Odonkor, G., Nam, S. H., & Gyansa-Luterrodt, M. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19126274
Obouayeba, D. N. C., Bahan, G. A. J., Coulibaly, G. A. E., Kofi, K. A. A., Diallo-Coulibaly, Y. M., Joseph, D. A., & Kacou-N'douba, A. (2025) · Advances in Microbiology · doi:10.4236/aim.2025.159035
Beckley, B., Amarh, V., Olalekan, A. O., & Afeke, I. (2026) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-026-05131-3
- Authors
- Dekker, D., Wolters, M., Mertens, E., Boahen, K. G., Krumkamp, R., Eibach, D., Schwarz, N. G., Adu-Sarkodie, Y., Rohde, H., Christner, M., Marks, F., Sarpong, N., & May, J.
- Affiliations
- German Center for Infection Research (DE)
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (GH)
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (DE)
- International Vaccine Institute (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Dekker, Denise
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2016-11-29
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 720-720
- ISSN
- 1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5129674
- OpenAlex
- W2558237231
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- UBS Optimus Foundation
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (5785)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Keywords
- Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic resistance, multidrug resistance, bloodstream infection, clonal diversity, spa typing, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, mecA gene, mecC, penicillin resistance, tetracycline resistance, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance, rural hospitals, Ashanti Region, Ghana
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins, Child, Child, Preschool, Exotoxins, Female, Ghana, Hospitals, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Leukocidins, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rural Population, Staphylococcal Infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Genetic Variation, Bacteremia, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Penicillin-Binding Proteins, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
