Supporting parents following pregnancy loss: a cross-sectional study of telephone peer supporters
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The death of a baby before or soon after birth can place an enormous psychological toll on parents. Parent support groups have grown in response to bereaved parents' unmet needs for support. Peer support is the hallmark of these organisations but little is known about the experiences of volunteers who provide support. This study examines the perceptions and experiences of parent support group volunteers who deliver a 24-h telephone support service for the Australian Stillbirth and Newborn Death Support (Sands) organisation in order to inform the ongoing development and sustainability of effective peer support. This parent-led organisation has delivered support to those affected by miscarriage, stillbirth and newborn death for more than 30 years. METHODS: Twenty-four Parent Supporters completed an online questionnaire. A mix of open- and closed questions asked about aspects of the Parent Supporter role. Quantitative data was summarised using descriptive statistics. Free-text responses to open-ended items were categorised and used to extend and illustrate the quantitative findings. RESULTS: Our findings reveal a group of highly dedicated and experienced volunteers who had taken 473 calls in the preceding 12 months. Calls were diverse but most were from bereaved mothers seeking 'to talk with someone who understands' in the early weeks and months after stillbirth or miscarriage. Most Parent Supporters indicated they felt well-prepared, confident, and satisfied in their role. Challenges include balancing the demands of the role and ongoing training and support. CONCLUSIONS: Peer volunteers contribute to addressing a significant need for support following pregnancy loss. Delivering and sustaining high quality parent-led support depends on volunteer recruitment and retention and this, in turn, requires organisational responses.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Emotional and informational support is necessary until mothers transition out of the shock phase and return home.
“Therefore, emotional and informational support is necessary until they transition out of the shock phase and return home. 36”
From Desired Care for Perinatal Bereavement: Meeting the Needs of Mothers After Discharge From the Hospital—a Qualitative Study (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
The Background says the need for emotional support and information may become paramount only after the initial shock subsides and parents have returned home. The citing sentence instead places that need before and until those events, reversing the paper’s timing. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Peer support within a health care context: a concept analysis
Dennis, C. (2003) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(02)00092-5 · Cited by 1,229 · see citing works
Epidemiology and the medical causes of miscarriage
Regan, L., & Rai, R. (2000) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1053/beog.2000.0123 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Stillbirths: the way forward in high-income countries.
Flenady, V., Middleton, P., Smith, G. C. S., Duke, W., Erwich, J., Khong, T., Neilson, J., Ezzati, M., Koopmans, L., Ellwood, D., et al. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60064-0 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Frøen, J. F., Cacciatore, J., McClure, E. M., Kuti, O., Jokhio, A. H., Islam, M., & Shiffman, J. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62232-5 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
The Effect of Peer Support on Postpartum Depression: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Dennis, C.-L. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800209 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Self-Help and Support Groups: A Handbook for Practitioners
Kurtz, L. F. (1997) · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Navigating care after a baby dies: a systematic review of parent experiences with health providers
Gold, K. J. (2007) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211676 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Support for mothers, fathers and families after perinatal death
Koopmans, L., Wilson, T., Cacciatore, J., & Flenady, V. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000452.pub3 · Cited by 216 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Growing evidence exists for the benefits of peer support [26] but, like other types of support interventions following perinatal loss, rigorous evaluations of the contribution of peer support to psychological outcomes following the death of a baby are scarce [27].”
BackgroundAnxiety following miscarriage and the subsequent pregnancy
Geller, P. A., Kerns, D., & Klier, C. M. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00042-4 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Psychological effects of stillbirth
Cacciatore, J. (2013) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2012.09.001 · Cited by 188 · cited 3× · see citing works
“These include providing a unique outlet for the sharing of experiences and the telling of stories that help validate and make sense of the loss [2, 19, 20, 28, 29].”
BackgroundKelley, M. C., & Trinidad, S. B. (2012) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-137 · Cited by 164 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These include providing a unique outlet for the sharing of experiences and the telling of stories that help validate and make sense of the loss [2, 19, 20, 28, 29].”
BackgroundSocial and Professional Support Needs of Families After Perinatal Loss
Hutti, M. H. (2005) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1177/0884217505279998 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Boyle, F. M., Vance, J. C., Najman, J. M., & Thearle, M. J. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(96)00039-1 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationBereaved parents’ experience of stillbirth in UK hospitals: a qualitative interview study
Downe, S., Schmidt, E., Kingdon, C., & Heazell, A. E. P. (2013) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-002237 · Cited by 134 · cited 1× · see citing works
“[14] point out that health care providers usually have “only once chance to get it right” by responding with warmth and humanity.”
BackgroundPeer Support in Health Care and Prevention: Cultural, Organizational, and Dissemination Issues
Fisher, E. B., Coufal, M. M., Parada, H., Robinette, J. B., Tang, P. Y., Urlaub, D. M., Castillo, C., Guzman-Corrales, L. M., Hino, S., Hunter, J. C., et al. (2014) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182450 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
The effects of social support on maternal anxiety and depression after stillbirth
Cacciatore, J., Schnebly, S. M., & Frøen, J. F. (2008) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00814.x · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The Unique Experiences of Women and Their Families After the Death of a Baby
Cacciatore, J. (2010) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981380903158078 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Role of Caregivers after a Stillbirth: Views and Experiences of Parents
Säflund, K., Sjögren, B., & Wredling, R. (2004) · Birth · doi:10.1111/j.0730-7659.2004.00291.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
‘The silence was deafening’: social and health service support after miscarriage
Rowlands, I. J., & Lee, C. (2010) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646831003587346 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Internet Message Boards for Pregnancy Loss: Who’s On-Line and Why?
Gold, K. J., Boggs, M. E., Mugisha, E., & Palladino, C. L. (2011) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2011.07.006 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Telephone peer support for women with gynaecological cancer: benefits and challenges for supporters
Pistrang, N., Jay, Z., Gessler, S., & Barker, C. (2012) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3080 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Pregnancy and infant loss support: A new, feminist, American, patient movement?
Layne, L. L. (2005) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.06.019 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hospital Costs Associated with Stillbirth Delivery
Gold, K. J., Sen, A., & Xu, X. J. (2012) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1203-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Coping with the Ultimate Deprivation: Narrative Themes in a Parental Bereavement Support Group
Umphrey, L. R., & Cacciatore, J. (2011) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.63.2.c · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Online mutual support in bereavement: An empirical examination
van der Houwen, K., Stroebe, M., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, W., & van den Bout, J. (2010) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.019 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Baggott, R., & Jones, K. L. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.07.016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Heazell, A. E. P., Leisher, S. H., Cregan, M., Flenady, V., Frøen, J. F., Gravensteen, I. K., de Groot‐Noordenbos, M., de Groot, P., Hale, S., Jennings, B., et al. (2012) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.12042 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stillbirth: care and long-term psychological effects
Rdestad, I. (2001) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2001.9.8.7931 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lee, C., & Rowlands, I. J. (2014) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12121 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Peer Supporters' Experiences of a Bereavement Follow-up Intervention for Grieving Parents
Aho, A. L., Åstedt-Kurki, P. M., & Kaunonen, M. (2014) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.2190/om.68.4.d · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Exploring Narratives of Pregnancy Loss: the role of self-help groups in supporting parents
McCreight, B. S. (2007) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [16]Redshaw M Rowe R Henderson J Listening to Parents after stillbirth or the death of their baby after birth 2014 Oxford National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Peer Support Services for Bereaved Survivors: A Systematic Review
Bartone, P. T., Bartone, J., Violanti, J. M., & Gileno, Z. M. (2017) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/0030222817728204 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Shaohua, L., & Shorey, S. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103871 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Meredith, P., Wilson, T., Branjerdporn, G., Strong, J., & Desha, L. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1200-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Obst, K. L., & Due, C. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2019.1688430 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The miscarriage circle of care: towards leveraging online spaces for social support
Alqassim, M. Y., Kresnye, K. C., Siek, K. A., Lee, J. R., & Wolters, M. K. (2022) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-022-01597-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Peer supporters’ experiences on an Australian perinatal mental health helpline
Biggs, L. J., McLachlan, H., Shafiei, T., Small, R. E., & Forster, D. A. (2017) · Health Promotion International · doi:10.1093/heapro/dax097 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lived experiences of mothers following a perinatal loss
Kirui, K. M., & Lister, O. N. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Fatal fetal anomaly: Experiences of women and their partners
Jackson, P., Power, S., Dennehy, R., & O’Donoghue, K. (2023) · Prenatal Diagnosis · doi:10.1002/pd.6311 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Experiences of Australian women on returning to work after miscarriage
Keep, M., Payne, S., & Carland, J. E. (2021) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2021.1993140 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Experiences of Volunteers Supporting Parents Following a Fatal Fetal Anomaly Diagnosis
Power, S., O’Donoghue, K., & Meaney, S. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320987834 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Atashsokhan, G., Farjamfar, M., Khosravi, A., Taher, M., & Keramat, A. (2024) · INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580231223763 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“36 In our study, the participating mothers expressed concern about the healthcare system’s disregard for fathers’ psychological well-being.”
BackgroundEnd of life and bereavement care on a tertiary neonatal unit: a parental survey
Paize, F., & MacWilliam, J. (2020) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2020.1728105 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bereavement photography, volunteering, and posttraumatic growth: A mixed-methods investigation
Vivekananda, K., Ong, U., Wurf, G., D’Souza, L., Giosserano, R., & Licqurish, S. (2022) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2022.2067264 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mills, T. A., Danna, V. A., Ayebare, E. O., Bedwell, C., Byrne-Davis, L. M. T., Lovell, K., Mukwhana, R., Nabisere, A., Okello, M., Omoni, G. M., et al. (2024) · Global Health Research · doi:10.3310/jnwa6983 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Engaging in perinatal loss in the Czech Republic: Keen community and haphazard institutionalisation
Šmídová, I. (2022) · Bereavement · doi:10.54210/bj.2022.1090 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Social work practice in perinatal palliative care: an overview
Santiago-Warner, S. (2024) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2024.2316697 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Uno, A. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2400373 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Santiago-Warner, S. (2023) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-023-00873-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Power, S., Meaney, S., Cotter, R., & O’Donoghue, K. (2020) · International Journal of Palliative Nursing · doi:10.12968/ijpn.2020.26.4.156 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Forsythe, D., & Davis, K. (2025) · Journal of Palliative Care · doi:10.1177/08258597251392312 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Siepmann, J., Bauernfeind, L., Nuber-Fischer, D., Rester, C., Gensheimer, K., & Sterr, F. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-27687-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Conroy, C., Jain, T., Lin, T., & Mody, S. K. (2024) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2023.0132
Prenatal Kayıp Deneyimi Olan Gebelere Verilen Doğuma Hazırlık Eğitiminin Etkinliği
Unutkan, A., & Elem, E. (2024) · Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.46413/boneyusbad.1462336
Bauernfeind, L., Spyra, Y., Sterr, F., Siepmann, J., & Rester, C. (2025) · Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe und Neonatologie · doi:10.1055/s-0045-1808464
Li, S., & Yu, T. (2025) · International Journal of Inclusive Education · doi:10.1080/13603116.2025.2552921
Bauernfeind, L., Spyra, Y., Sterr, F., Siepmann, J., Gensheimer, K., & Rester, C. (2026) · Kontakt · doi:10.32725/kont.2026.024
Burton, L., Charles, J., Cherry, M. G., Corcoran, R., Hassan, S. M., Hill, D. R. S., Little, S., Maden, M., Mulholland, H., Perkins, E., et al. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113671
- Authors
- Boyle, F. M., Mutch, A. J., Barber, E. A., Carroll, C., & Dean, J. H.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Boyle, Frances M.
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2015-11-09
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 291-291
- ISSN
- 1471-2393 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4640395
- OpenAlex
- W2177376371
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 1.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Sands Australia National Council/Australian Department of Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Global Maternal and Child Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal mortality, peer support, telephone support, volunteer experience, parent support groups, volunteer recruitment and retention, bereaved parents
- MeSH terms
- Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Bereavement, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Middle Aged, Parents, Peer Group, Perception, Pregnancy, Role, Social Support, Telephone, Volunteers, Stillbirth, Young Adult, Infant Death
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review