A digital Norwegian version of the client satisfaction questionnaire 8: factor validity and internal reliability in outpatient mental health care

Pedersen, Henrik; Havnen, Audun; Brattmyr, Martin; Attkisson, C. Clifford; Lara-Cabrera, Mariela L.

doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04281-8

Cited by 30Patient Satisfaction in HealthcarePsychiatric care and mental health servicesHealth Education and Validation

A digital Norwegian version of the client satisfaction questionnaire 8: factor validity and internal reliability in outpatient mental health care

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Pedersen, Henrik, Havnen, Audun, Brattmyr, Martin, Attkisson, C. Clifford, Lara-Cabrera, Mariela L.·2022·BMC Psychiatry

DOI 10.1186/s12888-022-04281-8PMC PMC9623922

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Abstract

Background: Validated measures of patient-reported experiences are essential for assessing and improving the quality of mental health services and interventions. In Norwegian mental healthcare settings, the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) is increasingly being used for this purpose, but the validity and reliability of the Norwegian translation have not been investigated. Methods: We examined the factor structure and internal consistency of a digitally administrated Norwegian translation of the CSQ-8 in a sample of 338 patients recruited from outpatient treatment. The relationship between satisfaction scores and the change in symptom severity during treatment, measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, was also investigated. Results: The Norwegian CSQ-8 showed a clear unidimensional structure with one factor explaining 74% of the variance. Internal consistency was very high, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.95. Satisfaction showed a small-to-moderate negative relationship with change in symptom severity. Satisfaction scores were negatively skewed, and the presence of ceiling effects is discussed. Conclusion: Our results support the use of the Norwegian CSQ-8 as a valid and reliable measure of satisfaction with mental healthcare services. Further studies are needed to determine the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire, its sensitivity to change, and to assess its propensity to ceiling effects.

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The Norwegian CSQ-8 has good reliability and construct validity.
“The Norwegian CSQ-8 has been reported as having good reliability and construct validity [70].”
From Measuring the Effect of the Early assessment Team (MEET) for patients referred to outpatient mental health care: a study protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [70]

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[33]Attkisson CC Zwick R The client satisfaction questionnaire Eval Program Plann 1982 5 3 233 7 10.1016/0149-7189(82)90074-X 10259963 · DOI · Paper page

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Authors: Pedersen, H., Havnen, A., Brattmyr, M., Attkisson, C. C., & Lara-Cabrera, M. L.
Affiliations: Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Pedersen, Henrik
ORCID: Pedersen, Henrik
Havnen, Audun
Brattmyr, Martin
Venue: BMC Psychiatry
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2022-10-31
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 671-671
ISSN: 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04281-8
PMC: PMC9623922
OpenAlex: W4307885433
Cited by: 30
References: 54
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5
FWCI: 4.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Helse Midt-Norge (90822100, 90327500)
NTNU Norwegian University of Science and Technology
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Patient Satisfaction in Healthcare
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
Social Sciences › Education › Health Education and Validation
Keywords: Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, patient satisfaction, Norwegian translation, factor structure, internal consistency, outpatient psychiatric care, PHQ-4, ceiling effect, mental health care quality
MeSH terms: Patient Reported Outcome Measures, Humans, Mental Health, Norway, Outpatients, Personal Satisfaction, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Patient Satisfaction

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A digital Norwegian version of the client satisfaction questionnaire 8: factor validity and internal reliability in outpatient mental health care

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