Six addiction components of problematic social media use in relation to depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: a latent profile analysis and network analysis
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BACKGROUNDS: Components of addiction (salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, and conflict) is the most cited theoretical framework for problematic social media use (PSMU). However, studies criticized its ability to distinguish problematic users from engaged users. We aimed to assess the association of the six criteria with depression, anxiety, and stress at a symptom level. METHODS: Ten thousand six hundred sixty-eight participants were recruited. Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) was used to detect six addiction components in PSMU. We applied the depression-anxiety-stress scale to assess mental distress. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted based on BSMAS items. Network analysis (NA) was performed to determine the symptom-symptom interaction of PSMU and mental distress. RESULTS: (1) Social media users were divided into five subgroups including occasional users (10.6%, n = 1127), regular users (31.0%, n = 3309), high engagement low risk users (10.4%, n = 1115), at-risk users (38.1%, n = 4070), and problematic users (9.8%, n = 1047); (2) PSMU and mental distress varied markedly across subgroups. Problematic users had the most severe PSMU, depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. High engagement users scored high on tolerance and salience criteria of PSMU but displayed little mental distress; (3) NA showed conflict and mood modification was the bridge symptoms across the network, while salience and tolerance exhibited weak association with mental distress. CONCLUSIONS: Salience and tolerance might not distinguish engaged users from problematic users. New frameworks and assessment tools focusing on the negative consequences of social media usage are needed.
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Some of the negative impacts of excessive usage of social media on a user's life (internet addiction) are salience, excessive thinking or planning to use social media, excessive time spent on social media, mood modification, social media as a tool for overcoming emotional problem, relapse or failure in decreasing social media usage, withdrawn or feeling troubled when unable to use social media and
“Some of the negative impacts of excessive usage of social media on a user’s life (internet addiction) are salience, excessive thinking or planning to use social media, excessive time spent on social media, mood modification, social media as a tool for overcoming emotional problem, relapse or failure in decreasing social media usage, withdrawn or feeling troubled when unable to use social media and”
From Investigating social media addiction and impact of social media addiction, loneliness, depression, life satisfaction and problem-solving skills on academic self-efficacy and academic success among university students (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The Background section lists the six components of problematic social media use and gives definitions matching most of the claim. But the claim calls them all negative impacts, whereas the Discussion says salience and tolerance can reflect high engagement without negative consequences. The paper also defines tolerance as a need to spend increasing time on social media, not simply excessive time spent. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOccasional users who spend less time on social media have lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress.
“Occasional users who spend less time on social media have lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress.”
Low risk users are high on tolerance and salience criteria.
“Low risk users are high on tolerance and salience criteria.”
At-risk users are more prone to depression, anxiety, and stress.
“At-risk users are more prone to depression, anxiety, and stress”
Problematic users have the highest level of problematic social media use, depression, anxiety, and stress.
“while problematic users have the highest level of problematic social media use, depression, anxiety, and stress (20).”
There is a lack of conceptual clarity and ongoing debate regarding the definition of 'problematic' social media use.
“Importantly, there is a lack of conceptual clarity and ongoing debate regarding the definition of ‘problematic’ social media use (Peng and Liao, 2023).”
From Will restricting the age of access to social media reduce mental illness in Australian youth? (2025) · cites this paper as Peng and Liao, 2023
Problematic social media use (PSMU) has been associated with severe depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms.
“Moreover, problematic social media use (PSMU) has been associated with severe depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms [128,129,130].”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
Excessive media consumption has been linked to heightened stress and negative emotional states, with individuals who consume media for over four hours daily reporting higher Perceived Stress Scale scores and lower Positive Emotion Scale scores compared to those with less media exposure.
“Excessive media consumption has been linked to heightened stress and negative emotional states, with individuals who consume media for over four hours daily reporting higher Perceived Stress Scale scores and lower Positive Emotion Scale scores compared to those with less media exposure.”
From Comprehensive review of chronic stress pathways and the efficacy of behavioral stress reduction programs (BSRPs) in managing diseases. (2024) · cites this paper as [128]
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- Authors
- Peng, P., & Liao, Y.
- Affiliations
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liao, Yanhui
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2023-05-08
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 321-321
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10166459
- OpenAlex
- W4375955897
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 48.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- STI 2030—Major Projects - "Brain Science and Brain-like Research" Project (2022ZD0211200)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- social media addiction, salience, tolerance, mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict, depression, anxiety, stress, Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, symptom networks
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Mood Disorders, Social Media
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