The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is an essential aspect of hygiene for women and adolescent girls between menarche and menopause. Despite being an important issue concerning women and girls in the menstruating age group MHM is often overlooked in post-disaster responses. Further, there is limited evidence of menstrual hygiene management in humanitarian settings. This study aims to describe the experiences and perceptions of women and adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene management in post-earthquake Nepal. METHODS: A mixed methods study was carried out among the earthquake affected women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that captured experiences and perceptions of respondents on menstrual hygiene management in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake. Quantitative data were triangulated with in-depth interview regarding respondent's personal experiences of menstrual hygiene management. RESULTS: Menstrual hygiene was rated as the sixth highest overall need and perceived as an immediate need by 18.8% of the respondents. There were 42.8% women & girls who menstruated within first week of the earthquake. Reusable sanitary cloth were used by about 66.7% of the respondents before the earthquake and remained a popular method (76.1%) post-earthquake. None of the respondents reported receiving menstrual adsorbents as relief materials in the first month following the earthquake. Disposable pads (77.8%) were preferred by respondents as they were perceived to be clean and convenient to use. Most respondents (73.5%) felt that reusable sanitary pads were a sustainable choice. Women who were in the age group of 15-34 years (OR = 3.14; CI = (1.07-9.20), did not go to school (OR = 9.68; CI = 2.16-43.33), married (OR = 2.99; CI = 1.22-7.31) and previously used reusable sanitary cloth (OR = 5.82; CI = 2.33-14.55) were more likely to use the reusable sanitary cloth. CONCLUSIONS: In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, women and girls completely depended on the use of locally available resources as adsorbents during menstruation. Immediate relief activities by humanitarian agencies, lacked MHM activities. Understanding the previous practice and using local resources, the reusable sanitary cloth is a way to address the menstrual hygiene needs in the post-disaster situations in Nepal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This mixed-methods study in three earthquake-affected villages of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal, found that menstrual hygiene management was a lower-priority but pressing need after the 2015 earthquake, with relief materials lacking menstrual adsorbents. Women and girls largely relied on reusable cloth, and the authors argue MHM should be integrated into disaster relief using culturally appropriate, sustainable local options.
Key findings
- Menstrual hygiene was the sixth highest perceived immediate need, listed by 18.8% of respondents; food (97.4%), shelter (75.2%), water (63.2%), clothes (47.0%), and information about family/relatives (29.9%) ranked higher.
- None of the 117 respondents received menstrual adsorbents as relief material in the first month after the earthquake; 49.6% received soap, and adequate privacy for MHM was available to 42.7%. Reusable cloth use rose from 66.7% before the earthquake to 76.1% after it, while disposable pad use was 23.9%.
- Disposable pads were preferred by 77.8% of respondents for being clean, hygienic, easy to use, and comfortable, but 73.5% perceived reusable cloth as a sustainable choice in disasters.
- Reusable cloth use after the earthquake was associated with age 25–34 years (OR = 3.14; CI 1.07–9.20), no schooling (OR = 9.68; CI 2.16–43.33), being married (OR = 2.99; CI 1.22–7.31), and prior reusable cloth use (OR = 5.82; CI 2.33–14.55).
Methods
- Mixed-methods study among 117 women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district, Nepal (Chautara, Kubhinde, and Pipaldanda), with data collected 16–29 August 2015, about three months after the 25 April 2015 earthquake.
- Purposive sampling was used to invite 127 eligible participants; 117 agreed, giving a response rate of 92.1%. Quantitative data came from a semi-structured questionnaire and were analyzed in SPSS v21.
- Qualitative data came from brief in-depth interviews with 5 respondents who menstruated on the day of or within the first week after the earthquake; transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that the study was conducted in one earthquake-affected district and may not be generalizable to all of Nepal; because the setting was predominantly rural, findings may be particularly unsuitable to urban areas.
- The paper also states potential recall bias cannot be overlooked because it asked about first menstrual period management after the earthquake and was conducted three months later.
- Evident from the text: the qualitative component included only 5 in-depth interviews, and the reported odds ratios are unadjusted, limiting the strength and transferability of the findings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
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Claims the paper makes
35 Own result · 19 Not checked yet · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Married women & girls used reusable sanitary cloth 3 times more (OR = 2.99; CI = 1.22-7.31) than those who were unmarried.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reusable sanitary cloth were used by about 66.7% of the respondents before the earthquake”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“About 67% of respondents reported using a reusable cloth as a sanitary adsorbent during menstruation regularly before the earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 78 (66.7%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the respondents reported receiving menstrual adsorbents as relief materials in the first month following the earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Within the first month of the earthquake, none of the respondents reported having received any menstrual hygiene adsorbents within the distributed relief materials.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Did not receive | 117 (100.0%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disposable pads (77.8%) were preferred by respondents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Majority of respondents (77.8%) preferred disposable pads as adsorbents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Disposable Pads | 91 (77.8%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 91- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women & girls who used reusable sanitary cloth prior to earthquake used reusable sanitary cloth 5 times more (OR = 5.82; CI = 2.33-14.55) than those who used disposable pads prior to the earthquake (Table 4).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 42.8% women & girls who menstruated within first week of the earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women & girls who had no school education used reusable sanitary cloth 9 times more (OR = 9.68; CI = 2.16-43.33) than those who had some school education.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and remained a popular method (76.1%) post-earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Almost 76% of respondents used reusable cloths for managing menstrual bleeding”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 89 (76.1%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 89- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual hygiene was rated as the sixth highest overall need and perceived as an immediate need by 18.8% of the respondents.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Menstrual hygiene was the sixth highest perceived need, listed by 18.8% of the respondents (Table 2).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most respondents (73.5%) felt that reusable sanitary pads were a sustainable choice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 86 (73.5%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, there is limited access to reproductive health services and safe menstrual hygiene materials during disasters [23].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Anwar J, Mpofu E, Matthews LR, Shadoul AF, Brock KE. Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:523. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion reports limited access to appropriate health facilities among women after an earthquake, and the Results discuss barriers to care for women with reproductive health events. This supports the access-to-care portion of the claim, but the paper does not address access to safe menstrual hygiene materials; it also studies an earthquake setting rather than disasters generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was still possible for women to share problems with friends and get some help when available.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Qualitative findings
hedgedn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“…sanitary pads did not strike my mind until four days after the earthquake during afternoon when my periods began. My brother asked me if there was a problem as I was staying inside for a long time. I just couldn’t say out loud that I started my periods.”
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
“She could not tell her mother or other friends, as she felt that everyone was stressed and overwhelmed by the chaos surrounding the earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Experiences of women in accessing adsorbents
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, women had to improvise by making reusable sanitary towels from sarees or cloths, or obtain through their own networks of friends and relatives.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantitate findings reveal that MHM as a priority that was not immediately addressed, however women and girls also list MHM material as less pressing compared to other general needs in immediate post-earthquake situation.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative data presents evidence that for the menstruating women, it indeed was a challenge in timely accessing the material as well as availability of private space for the MHM activities.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Majority of respondents (77.8%) preferred disposable pads as adsorbents, as they were perceived to be cleaner, more hygienic, easier to use and more comfortable than alternative options.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“respondents felt that only women would be able to relate to the suffering they had to endure as a result of the lack of resources and privacy”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Field notes corresponded with the qualitative expression of the disposal of used pads. There was no designated space for waste disposal and used pads were disposed in open space nearby the place where women and girls went to change the pads.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most respondents in our study referred using reusable instead of disposable sanitary pads, as these were unavailable despite being more convenient”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantitative data were triangulated with in-depth interview regarding respondent’s personal experiences of menstrual hygiene management.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, there is limited evidence of menstrual hygiene management in humanitarian settings.”
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
“Although, there are some studies on menstrual hygiene management in Nepal, there is limited evidence on menstrual hygiene management especially in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal [12, 13, 21, 31].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [13] Budhathoki SS, Bhattachan M, Pokharel PK, Bhadra M, van Teijlingen E. Reusable sanitary towels: promoting menstrual hygiene in post-earthquake Nepal. J Fam Plan Reprod Heal Care. 2017;43:157–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Adhikari P, Kadel B, Dhungel S, Mandak A. Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene in rural adolescent girls of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2007;5(19):382–6.
- Not checked yetcites [31] Auemaneekul N, Bhandari S, Kerdmongkol P. Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in a Rural District of Nepal. Asia J Public Heal. 2013;4:8–15.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The questionnaire was finalised in English and then translated into Nepali before the data collection using the translation-back translation method.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thematic saturation was considered once the analysis of data offered no new information and a redundancy of categories.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research team were external to the ongoing relief operations and had no influence on their logistics or other conflict of interests.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Young adolescent girls tend to be less prepared for MHM and suffer from anxiety, apprehensions, fear and shame during their menses [12, 19].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [19] Sommer M, Caruso BA, Sahin M, Calderon T, Cavill S, Mahon T, et al. A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools. PLoS Med. 2016;13(2):e1001962. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our use of in-depth interviews illuminated the findings from the quantitative data and facilitated its understanding.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these adsorbents might not be hygienic and could potentially lead to infections [3, 18].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Das P, Baker KK, Dutta A, Swain T, Sahoo S, Das BS, et al. Menstrual hygiene practices, WASH access and the risk of urogenital infection in women from Odisha. India PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–16.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written informed consent was obtained from all literate participants. For women unable to read, the information sheet was read out and the research objectives, expected roles of participants and voluntary nature of participation was explained in the presence of a literate female elder. A thumb print was obtained and this was countersigned by another witness. For respondents between 15 and 17 years”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (Ref: IRC/634/015), Dharan, Nepal.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research team identified 127 eligible individuals, of whom 117 agreed to participate (response rate 92.1%).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 127- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pretesting of the questionnaire was conducted with women and adolescent girls residing in temporary settlement areas of Kathmandu (n = 20) to ensure that questions were socio-culturally acceptable and completely answered our research question.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Face-to-face interview conducted by female interviewers are graduate medical and nursing professionals who were given 3-4 h orientation on both quantitative and qualitative questions before the data collection by the research team.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women and girls in low income settings have low awareness on hygienic practices and lack culturally appropriate materials for menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices [3–5].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] McMahon SA, Winch PJ, Caruso BA, Obure AF, Ogutu EA, Ochari IA, et al. “The girl with her period is the one to hang her head” reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2011;11(1):7. source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Arumugam B, Nagalingam S, Varman PM, Ravi P, Ganesan R. Menstrual hygiene practices: is it practically impractical ? Intern J Med Public Heal. 2014;4(4):472–6. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings indicate that whilst MHM activities are felt as important priorities for women and girls, they are often overlooked during disasters.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although menstrual hygiene management needs are only specific to a subgroup of the population, they appear as an immediate pressing requisite for the women affected”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our finding on the use of reusable sanitary towels is in concordance with practices reported by others in rural areas of Nepal [12].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Women and girls in India also report disposal of used sanitary pads in inappropriate places [16].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van Eijk AM, Sivakami M, Thakkar MB, Bauman A, Laserson KF, Coates S, et al. Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010290. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society [9, 19, 37].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ranabhat C, Kim C-B, Choi EH, Aryal A, Park MB, Doh YA. Chhaupadi culture and reproductive health of women in Nepal. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(7):785–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Sommer M, Caruso BA, Sahin M, Calderon T, Cavill S, Mahon T, et al. A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools. PLoS Med. 2016;13(2):e1001962. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Sommer M, Kjellen M, Pensulo C. Girls’ and women’s unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2013;3(3):283–97. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Research from elsewhere also supports that menstrual hygiene being exclusively a feminine need is lesser priority in humanitarian responses whereas, the food and security needs expressed by participants are the fundamental immediate needs for everyone [24].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Travers CL. No one cares we’re bleedling: the place of menstrual management in humanitarian response [dissertation]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2015.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As our study setting was predominantly rural, our findings may be particularly unsuitable to urban areas of the country.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reusable sanitary towels seem to be more easily available, and are perhaps a sustainable and culturally suitable alternative in the Nepalese context.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The choice of materials for adsorbents is made based on the availability of materials and the privacy for MHM activities”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As menstruation comes along with cultural and religious taboo, the MHM needs is present as a silent need, which is addressed by the use of local materials and resources in immediate post-disaster situations.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was conducted in one earthquake-affected district of Nepal and may not therefore be generalizable to all other areas of Nepal.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immediate measures during disasters are considered possible using locally available cloth as adsorbents [13].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Budhathoki SS, Bhattachan M, Pokharel PK, Bhadra M, van Teijlingen E. Reusable sanitary towels: promoting menstrual hygiene in post-earthquake Nepal. J Fam Plan Reprod Heal Care. 2017;43:157–9. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the south Asian context especially in India and Nepal, menstruation comes with many social restrictions including for religious rituals [9, 12, 38].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ranabhat C, Kim C-B, Choi EH, Aryal A, Park MB, Doh YA. Chhaupadi culture and reproductive health of women in Nepal. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(7):785–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [38] Caruso BA, Clasen TF, Hadley C, Yount KM, Haardörfer R, Rout M, et al. Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity: women’s gendered experiences of urination, defecation and menstruation in rural Odisha. India BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(4):e000414. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The menstruating girl not being able to discuss the need for materials to manage her periods expressed in this study is an example of how silent the women and girls are about menstruation and related matters.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The three study villages and the 117 respondents are representative of women and adolescent girls in post-earthquake Nepal, so that findings can be generalized to the wider affected population.
“This study was conducted amongst 117 women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal.”
“In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, women and girls completely depended on the use of locally available resources as adsorbents during menstruation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
“Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that captured experiences and perceptions of respondents on menstrual hygiene management in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake.”
“When respondents were asked to recall up to five immediate needs following the earthquake”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In humanitarian contexts, changed access to materials was salient in women’s experiences as they adapted to new management practices or were unable continue their past preferred behaviours [40, 83].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“A small fraction (6%) of studies focused on the role of MHM, where women reported a lack of proper MHM products, such as clean pads, in addition to private areas and an absence of water provisioning for cleaning and sanitation needs (Khan et al., 2017;Budhathoki et al., 2018;Davis et al., 2018).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Budhathoki et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The absence of such facilities forces women and girls to avoid practicing sustainable sanitation, hygiene, and MHM due to a fear of violence, or as a result of stigmatization (Kwiringira et al., 2014;Khan et al., 2017;Budhathoki et al., 2018;Davis et al., 2018;Winter et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Budhathoki et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“women who are in the age group of 15-34 years used reusable sanitary cloth 3 times more (OR = 3.14; CI = (1.07-9.20) than the girls in the age group of 15-24 years.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 15-24 years | 27 (64.3) | 15 (35.7) | 1 | | | 25-34 years | 34 (85.0) | 6 (15.0) | 3.14 (1.07 – 9.20) | 0.031 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Reason for preferring Disposable pads (n = 91) | Reason for preferring Disposable pads (n = 91) | | Clean | 47 (40.2%) |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
Reported 40.2 · recomputed 51.648352
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 35-49 years | 35 (29.9%) |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 35-45 years | 28 (80.0) | 7 (20.0) | 2.22 (0.78 – 6.29) | 0.128 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“Soap was received by 50.4% of women and girls.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| Did not receive | 59 (50.4%) | | Received as relief material | 58 (49.6%) |”
Citations
Cites
Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study
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“The qualitative material was analysed by the researchers using thematic analysis [33].”
MethodA systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management
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“While this seems to be the only option during emergencies, these adsorbents might not be hygienic and could potentially lead to infections [3, 18].”
BackgroundMenstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van Eijk, A. M., Sivakami, M., Thakkar, M. B., Bauman, A., Laserson, K. F., Coates, S., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010290 · Cited by 471 · cited 2×
“Women and girls in India also report disposal of used sanitary pads in inappropriate places [16].”
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“Types of adsorbents used, hygienic practices and cultural restrictions during menstruation are associated with negative clinical and psychosocial outcomes including reproductive and urinary tract infections, anemia, school absenteeism, and social isolation [1, 6, 15, 17, 18].”
BackgroundA Time for Global Action: Addressing Girls’ Menstrual Hygiene Management Needs in Schools
Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Sahin, M., Calderon, T., Cavill, S., Mahon, T., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001962 · Cited by 435 · cited 2×
“Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society [9, 19, 37].”
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“Types of adsorbents used, hygienic practices and cultural restrictions during menstruation are associated with negative clinical and psychosocial outcomes including reproductive and urinary tract infections, anemia, school absenteeism, and social isolation [1, 6, 15, 17, 18].”
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“Although increasingly considered, menstrual hygiene continues to be overlooked during disasters, even in community level responses [22, 28, 29].”
Background
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002803 · Cited by 577
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“(2018) recommended that organizations working in disaster relief should work to use culturally appropriate, local materials to make reusable sanitary towels [28].”
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“1% of women used reusable sanitary cloth before and after an earthquake respectively [26].”
BackgroundAlam, M., Sultana, F., Hunter, E. C., WINCH, P. J., UNICOMB, L. E., Sarker, S., Mahfuz, M. T., Al‐Masud, A., Rahman, M. M., & Luby, S. P. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-13478-1 · Cited by 34
“Due to stigma associated with menstruation, women and girls have emphasized the importance of a secure and private location for comfortably changing, disposing, or washing products [11, 25].”
BackgroundMenstrual Health and Hygiene among Adolescents in the United States
Trant, A. A., Vash‐Margita, A., Camenga, D. R., Braverman, P. K., Wagner, D., Espinal, M., Kisanga, E. P., Lundsberg, L. S., Sheth, S. S., & Fan, L. L. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.jpag.2021.12.014 · Cited by 38
Exploring the Challenges of Afghan Refugee Women Facing COVID-19: A Qualitative Study in Iran
Lebni, J. Y., Enayat, H., Irandoost, S. F., & Dehghan, A. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.838965 · Cited by 33
“and have to deal with more issues during natural and health disasters (20, 43).”
BackgroundAfzal, F., Das, A., & Chatterjee, S. (2024) · Indian Journal of Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_165_23 · Cited by 30
“[34,35] Few studies conducted in LMICs reported a negative correlation between female fertility and the occurrence of natural calamities such as drought or earthquake.”
BackgroundWomen and WASH in Nepal: a scoping review of existing literature
Wali, N., Georgeou, N., Simmons, O., Gautam, M. S., & Gurung, S. (2020) · Water International · doi:10.1080/02508060.2020.1754564 · Cited by 22
Kaplan, V., Alkasaby, M. A., Düken, M. E., et al. (2024) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdae059 · Cited by 21
Ha, M. A. T., & Alam, M. Z. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-118150/v1 · Cited by 20
Downing, S., Benjimen, S., Natoli, L., & Bell, V. B. V. (2021) · Waterlines · doi:10.3362/1756-3488.21-00002 · Cited by 25
Practice Note: Menstrual Health Management in Humanitarian Settings
Tellier, M., Farley, A., Jahangir, A., Nakalema, S., Nalunga, D., & Tellier, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-0614-7_45 · Cited by 15
Gondwe, M., Simuyaba, M., Phiri, M. M., Mwansa, C., Schaap, A., Sigande, L. M., Shanaube, K., Floyd, S., Fidler, S. J., Ayles, H., et al. (2025) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-024-01901-2 · Cited by 12
Ak, E. Y., & Uyurdağ, N. (2024) · Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi · doi:10.33708/ktc.1390146 · Cited by 13
Experiences of women relocated due to the february 2023 earthquake in Turkey: a qualitative study
Özer, E., Şen, Y. Ç., Güler, D. S., & Güvenç, G. (2025) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-025-03554-0 · Cited by 14
Katsuno, C., Gregorio, E. R., Lomboy, M. F. T. C., Nonaka, D., Hernandez, P. M. R., Estrada, C. A. M., Pimentel, J. M. T., Bernadas, R. M. G. C., & Kobayashi, J. (2019) · Tropical Medicine and Health · doi:10.1186/s41182-018-0131-8 · Cited by 12
“Women and adolescent girls are using a clean menstrual management material to absorb or collect menstrual blood, that can be changed in privacy as often as necessary for the duration of a menstrual period, using soap and water for washing the body as required, and having access to facilities to dispose of used menstru…”
BackgroundGirmay, A. M., Kenea, M. A., Mengesha, S. D., et al. (2023) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2023.230 · Cited by 12
Reusable sanitary napkins—time to revisit
Mehta, S., Grover, A., Mittal, N., Nanda, P., Khatuja, R., & Naseem, A. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa192 · Cited by 13
Roy, N., Amin, M. B., Aktarujjaman, M., Hossain, E., Mugo, C., Islam, F., Mamun, M. A., & Kumar, M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310451 · Cited by 12
“A study conducted in Nepal demonstrated that a significant proportion of women, specifically 66.7% before the earthquake and 76.1% after the earthquake, utilized reusable sanitary cloth [23].”
BackgroundInfluentialMenstrual hygiene management among girls and women refugees in Africa: a scoping review
Harerimana, A., Mchunu, G. G., & Pillay, J. D. (2025) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-025-00657-1 · Cited by 19
Babbar, K., Rustagi, N., & Dev, P. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12533 · Cited by 10
Maulingin-Gumbaketi, E., Larkins, S., Gunnarsson, R. K., Rembeck, G. I., Whittaker, M. A., & Redman-MacLaren, M. L. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01229-0 · Cited by 18
Menstrual Exclusions in Nepal: Some Evidence of Transition
Subedi, M. S., & Parker, S. (2021) · Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology · doi:10.3126/dsaj.v15i01.41921 · Cited by 14
The homeless period: a qualitative evidence synthesis
Orsini, G. D., Tarabay, J., Hardy‐Johnson, P., Barker, S. L., & Greenway, F. T. (2024) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2024.2310716 · Cited by 12
“Culturally appropriate products can differ depending on region; in research by Budhathoki et al. (2018) reusable cloths were offered as this is what they would use at home.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGhimire, S., Gahatraj, N. R., Shrestha, N., Manandhar, S., & Dhital, S. R. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291884 · Cited by 25
“Effective management of menstrual hygiene is a vital aspect of hygiene for women and adolescent girls from menarche to menopause [1].”
BackgroundLifestyle and Spiritual Practices of Generation Z
Manap, J., Hamjah, S. H., Idris, F., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences · doi:10.6007/ijarbss/v11-i6/10222 · Cited by 9
Exploring menstrual hygiene management practices among displaced coastal women in Kerala, India
Jessy, P., Aswin, M. G., Asmi, F. N., Adarsh, M. S., Jibin Job, P. J., Nisam, A. P., Krishna Priya, M. J., & Mini, G. (2024) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2024.100375 · Cited by 8
Menstrual hygiene and waste management: The survey results
Parthasarathy, S., Jayaraman, V., Jeganathan, S., & Raj, L. A. (2022) · Materials Today Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2022.05.531 · Cited by 8
Ghasemi, M., Karımzadeh, S., Matsuoka, M., et al. (2021) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi10100657 · Cited by 8
Samouei, R., Shooshtari, S., Bahrami, M., et al. (2019) · World Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2019.03.006 · Cited by 8
Ahmad, A., Garg, S., Alvi, R., & Gupta, S. (2020) · Journal of Public Health and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jphpc.jphpc_13_20 · Cited by 8
Gencer, G. Y. G., Göktaş, İ., & Uz, B. Y. (2024) · Yaşlı sorunları araştırma dergisi · doi:10.46414/yasad.1436396 · Cited by 7
Ubochi, N. E., Chinweuba, U. A., Iheanacho, N. P., et al. (2023) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2023.45.47.39675 · Cited by 7
“Globally, about 52% of the female population is of reproductive age [5].”
BackgroundBetsu, B. D., Medhanyie, A. A., Gebrehiwet, T. G., & Wall, L. L. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309985 · Cited by 8
“In such emergencies, moreover, the security, privacy, and health needs of women and girls including menstrual health are often overlooked [18, 20, 21] This study depicts the criticality of lack of menstrual hygiene materials and supplies which is in line with other studies [9, 22–24].”
ResultBasit, A., Antu, O. S., Mithun, M., & Islam, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932024000415 · Cited by 8
“Managing MH during emergencies presents heightened challenges compared with normal circumstances (Behrman and Weitzman, 2016; Bhattacharjee, 2019; Budhathoki et al ., 2018; Patel et al ., 2022).”
Appiah-Agyekum, N. N., Nyamekye, M. A., Agbenu, I. A., & Otoo, D. D. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22836-8 · Cited by 11
“…shows that adolescents in most low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) engage in poor menstrual hygiene management practices [13] and this is linked to inadequate knowledge on MHM, cultural practices, lack of WASH facilities among others which prevents them from achieving their MHM needs [14–16].”
Menstrual waste behaviour of young adolescents: a theory of planned behaviour approach
Sreekumar, S., & Pandey, A. (2024) · Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development · doi:10.2166/washdev.2024.090 · Cited by 8
Women's information needs in mental health in disasters
Samouei, R., & Hajari, S. (2018) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_103_18 · Cited by 5
“2 Journal of Education and Health Promotion | Volume 7 | December 2018 Nepal and Eastern Azerbaijan, Iran, mentioned needs such as menstrual health, fertility, and cultural limitations of women during disasters.[9,10] Another study on mental health needs during Sri Lanka earthquake confirmed the effectiveness of new N…”
BackgroundUsman, H., Tondong, H. I., & Kuswanti, F. (2022) · Jurnal ABDINUS Jurnal Pengabdian Nusantara · doi:10.29407/ja.v6i2.16353 · Cited by 5
Opeyemi, O., Emmanuel-Ufuah, A., Okenwe, G., Adedoyin, V. A., Ofieh, C. O., & Tijesunimi, F. A. (2022) · Journal of Gynecological Research and Obstetrics · doi:10.17352/jgro.000109 · Cited by 5
Being a woman in disasters: experiences of disaster workers in Turkey
Kartal, B., & Çıtak, G. (2024) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/17579759241255069 · Cited by 8
“Women affected by disasters cannot access hygienic toilets, cannot bathe, cannot change their underwear regularly, and have problems with a dirty environment and inability to access sanitary pads (17,30,31).”
Rakhshanda, S., Ahmed, S., Saidu, S., Nderitu, C., Thapa, B., Awal, A., Farnaz, N., Rahman, A., Aktar, B., & Faruque, A. S. G. (2021) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-10-2020-0096 · Cited by 7
Wilbur, J., Kayastha, S., Mahon, T., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25447/v2 · Cited by 5
Prerogative on Women Health: A Qualitative Study on Feminine Hygiene Practices in IndiaPreprint
Shukla, S., & Sanjeev, R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2108436/v1 · Cited by 5
Bazakare, M. L. I., Rwabufigiri, B. N., & Munyanshongore, C. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/26334941241303518 · Cited by 4
Gürel, R., Atilla, R., & Savaş, V. (2025) · Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research · doi:10.1111/jog.16231 · Cited by 4
Informational and instrumental support related to menstruation: adolescents’ perspective
Kurniawati, E. M., Rahmawati, N. A., Safitri, C. T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v11i4.21806 · Cited by 4
Rahnejat, K. R., & Narice, B. F. (2023) · Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare · doi:10.1016/j.srhc.2023.100813 · Cited by 4
Wilbur, J., Kayastha, S., Mahon, T., et al. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-25447/v1 · Cited by 4
“A recent study in Nepal, found that 89% of women and girls experienced restrictions whilst menstruating (12), which involves the seclusion from the community and within the home (10, 13, 14).”
BackgroundGoulart, C. M., Giancola, A., Nakhuda, H., Ampadu, A., Purewal, A., Kortenaar, J., & Bassani, D. G. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.21254101 · Cited by 3
Self-Care Practices and Knowledge on Menstrual Hygiene Management among Adolescent girls
Gyawali, A., & Acharya, P. (2023) · Journal of Women Empowerment and Studies · doi:10.55529/jwes.34.43.49 · Cited by 3
The Financial Cost of Managing Menstrual Hygiene in Schools in the Health District of Bla in Mali
Kané, F., Diallo, S., Bah, B., et al. (2023) · Scholars International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.36348/sijog.2023.v06i06.006 · Cited by 3
“Bushathoki [3], who carried out his study with a general population of women in post-earthquake Nepal, reported an age range of 15-49 years.”
BackgroundA "Quıet" need ın the dısaster of the century: a qualıtatıve study on menstrual hygıene management
Aydın, A., Gök, M. Ş., & Çiftçi, B. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-21499-9 · Cited by 5
Ağralı, C., Töre, F. K., Nacar, G., et al. (2025) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2025.10159 · Cited by 3
A Synthesis Report Analyzing Menstrual Hygiene Management Within a Humanitarian Crisis
Anjum, Z., Pouramin, P., Glickman, T., & Nagabhatla, N. (2019) · UNU Collections (United Nations University) · Cited by 3
Dutta, D., Chakraborti, C., & Mishra, P. (2023) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12699 · Cited by 3
Britto, D. R., George, N. S., M., S. R. A., Ratchagar, J. S., Muniyapillai, T., & Kulothungan, K. (2023) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_388_22 · Cited by 3
Fatema, K., & Basit, A. (2025) · Women s Reproductive Health · doi:10.1080/23293691.2025.2482634 · Cited by 2
Adamba, C., & Addai, J. (2025) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.70023 · Cited by 2
Lasater, M. E., Woldeyes, G. M., Roch, K. L., Poku, O. B., Phan, X., Bhardwaj, A., Kassa, G., Solomon-Osborne, A., & Murray, S. M. (2025) · Global Health Action · doi:10.1080/16549716.2025.2563422 · Cited by 3
“While basic needs such as food, water, and shelter are prioritized within humanitarian settings, a comprehensive assessment of needs that are essential to all aspects of daily living are necessary [34].”
Töre, F. K., Nacar, G., Hatun, B., et al. (2026) · Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness · doi:10.1017/dmp.2026.10319 · Cited by 2
The plight of menstruating secondary school-girls: a wake-up call for parents and the school system
Metta, E. O., Mwita, H., & Leshabari, M. T. (2021) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20210793 · Cited by 2
“Menstruation is a natural biological process that adolescent girls and pre-menopause women experience.(1) The onset of menstruation (menarche) is an important developmental stage in the life of a girl and signals her”
BackgroundHuda, M. N., Hossain, S. Z., Mohsin, M., Azim, S., Rahman, M., Ferdous, A., & Hossain, M. A. (2022) · Women Midwives and Midwifery · doi:10.36749/wmm.2.1.86-99.2022 · Cited by 2
“Various factors shape women’s and girls’ MHM. Studies from LMIC – such as Ethiopia (Smiles et al., 2017), Kenya (Phillips-Howard Nyothach et al., 2016), Zambia (Lahme et al., 2018), India (Astuti et al., 2021; Budhathoki et al., 2018; Kaur, 2018), Nepal (Budhathoki et al., 2017) and Bangladesh (Ainul et al., 2017) – d…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialHuda, M. N., Hossain, S. Z., Mohsin, M., Azim, S., Rahman, M., Ferdous, A., & Hossain, M. A. (2022) · Women Midwives and Midwifery · doi:10.36749/wmm.2.1.84-97.2022 · Cited by 2
Sure, R. A., Odek, A. W., & Otuya, P. A. (2023) · African Journal of Empirical Research · doi:10.51867/ajernet.4.2.98 · Cited by 2
Bagirisano, J., Bazakare, M. L. I., Nkurunziza, A., Hitayezu, J. B. H., Uwera, Y. D. N., Mukankusi, J. N., Ntirushwa, D., Katende, G., Mukamana, D., & Habtu, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22809-x · Cited by 2
“Despite experiencing doubts and uncertainties, they navigate the menstrual cycle, with menstrual hygiene management being particularly crucial in this context [14].”
Mapping Menstrual and Pelvic Health Scenario in India: A Scoping Review of Biopsychosocial Factors
Mitra, S., Arora, A., & Shimpi, A. P. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.85541 · Cited by 3
“Yet, school curricula in India frequently focus narrowly on biological aspects, neglecting menstrual hygiene, pelvic health, and psychosocial well-being [13,14].”
Period poverty: a scoping review
de Paula, M. C., Monteiro, B. B., Ruela, L. D. O., & Silva, M. M. D. J. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0567 · Cited by 5
Nzioki, J. M., & Korir, A. (2020) · Africa journal of technical and vocational education and training. · doi:10.69641/afritvet.2020.51114 · Cited by 2
“While hand hygiene involves proper handwashing with soap, body hygiene involves not only maintaining general body cleanliness but also proper practice of menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls and women (Budhathoki et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKnowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among urban adolescents- A cross-sectional study
Sajjan, S. V., Pn, N., & Shingade, P. P. (2021) · Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine · doi:10.18231/j.ijfcm.2021.024 · Cited by 3
“Sajjan, Neeta P N and Shingade / Indian Journal of Forensic and Community Medicine 2021;8(2):120–124 121”
BackgroundInfluentialPeriod products during the pandemic: The impact of lockdown on period products usage
Babbar, K., & Dev, P. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2257035 · Cited by 2
“Similarly, girls and women in Nepal faced difficulties in accessing period products during the 2015 earthquake (Budhathoki et al. 2018).”
Menstrual Hygiene Management and Sustainable Development
Patterson, J. J. (2021) · Encyclopedia of the UN sustainable development goals · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_11 · Cited by 2
THE SPARŚA PROJECT: BUILDING A COMPREHENSIVE MENSTRUAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION IN NEPAL
Toldy, T. M., Urbaniak, L., DIVRY, T., Bhujel, D., & Ansari, M. (2024) · Glocalism Journal of Culture Politics and Innovation · doi:10.54103/gjcpi.2024.22627 · Cited by 3
Nguegang, F., & Kum, F. V. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2024.102302 · Cited by 3
Yerra, A. K., Kannappan, S., Nambiar, S., Emmadisetty, S., & Jogi, S. (2023) · MRIMS Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4103/mjhs.mjhs_78_23 · Cited by 2
Pobreza menstrual: revisão de escopo
de Paula, M. C., Monteiro, B. B., Ruela, L. D. O., & Silva, M. M. D. J. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/0034-7167-2024-0567pt · Cited by 1
Dutta, D., & Mishra, P. (2025) · International Journal of Community Well-Being · doi:10.1007/s42413-025-00254-3 · Cited by 2
“The condition of Menstrual Health and Hygiene Management (MHHM) for Indian girls and women is markedly deficient, mostly due to the persistent use of various unhygienic materials for menstruation management (Budhathoki et al., 2018; Majeed et al., 2022; Sarkar et al., 2017).”
Niwemukiza, T., Mochama, M., & Andegiorgish, A. K. (2025) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-025-07429-3 · Cited by 3
“Numerous MHM studies from low-and middle-income countries have been independently conducted to examine the prevalence of social, educational and health problems faced by girls with poor MHM [26, 29, 34].”
Serto, L., & Rajkumari, S. (2025) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20254050 · Cited by 1
TİNTAŞ, P., Saydam, B. K., Ekşioğlu, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences · doi:10.62425/esbder.1675017 · Cited by 1
Kerketta, S., Baruah, S., & Baruah, P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-96760-4_13 · Cited by 1
Poudel, B., & Koirala, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Health and Allied Sciences · doi:10.37107/jhas.426 · Cited by 1
ÇOBANOĞLU, A., & İNCE, C. (2025) · Sinop Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.30561/sinopusd.1631657 · Cited by 1
Paudel, R. K., Acharya, D., & Adhikari, T. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1560404 · Cited by 1
Dorji, T., Wangmo, S., & Pongpirul, K. (2019) · Bhutan Health Journal · doi:10.47811/bhj.80 · Cited by 1
Azzahra, N., & Adiwiryono, R. M. (2021) · Jurnal Pendidikan Kesehatan · doi:10.31290/jpk.v9i2.2030 · Cited by 1
Ira, I. J., Arefin, S., Eva, E. J., & Tinu, S. N. (2021) · International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213761
“MHM is described as ‘women and adolescent girls using a clean and safe menstrual management material to absorb or collect blood that can be changed in privacy as often as essential for the duration of the menstruation period, washing the body as needed with soap and water, and having access to facilities to dispose of…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Budhathoki, S. S., Bhattachan, M., Castro-Sánchez, E., Sagtani, R. A., Rayamajhi, R. B., Rai, P., & Sharma, G.
- Affiliations
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (NP)
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences (NP)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar
- Venue
- BMC Women's Health
- Published
- 2018-02-02
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1472-6874 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5797351
- OpenAlex
- W2794607260
- Semantic Scholar
- ddbf120d4fa056489c46a9f5ecfb39b6d8f54fc1
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Women s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Florence Nightingale Foundation
- Imperial College London
- Public Health England
- Patient Safety Translational Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Disaster Response and Management
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Keywords
- menstrual hygiene management, adolescent girls, women, humanitarian aid, menstrual products, disaster response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Menarche, Menstruation, Nepal, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, Menstrual Hygiene Products, Hygiene Products, Young Adult, Earthquakes
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