The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 41 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is an essential aspect of hygiene for women and adolescent girls between menarche and menopause. Despite being an important issue concerning women and girls in the menstruating age group MHM is often overlooked in post-disaster responses. Further, there is limited evidence of menstrual hygiene management in humanitarian settings. This study aims to describe the experiences and perceptions of women and adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene management in post-earthquake Nepal. METHODS: A mixed methods study was carried out among the earthquake affected women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that captured experiences and perceptions of respondents on menstrual hygiene management in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake. Quantitative data were triangulated with in-depth interview regarding respondent's personal experiences of menstrual hygiene management. RESULTS: Menstrual hygiene was rated as the sixth highest overall need and perceived as an immediate need by 18.8% of the respondents. There were 42.8% women & girls who menstruated within first week of the earthquake. Reusable sanitary cloth were used by about 66.7% of the respondents before the earthquake and remained a popular method (76.1%) post-earthquake. None of the respondents reported receiving menstrual adsorbents as relief materials in the first month following the earthquake. Disposable pads (77.8%) were preferred by respondents as they were perceived to be clean and convenient to use. Most respondents (73.5%) felt that reusable sanitary pads were a sustainable choice. Women who were in the age group of 15-34 years (OR = 3.14; CI = (1.07-9.20), did not go to school (OR = 9.68; CI = 2.16-43.33), married (OR = 2.99; CI = 1.22-7.31) and previously used reusable sanitary cloth (OR = 5.82; CI = 2.33-14.55) were more likely to use the reusable sanitary cloth. CONCLUSIONS: In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, women and girls completely depended on the use of locally available resources as adsorbents during menstruation. Immediate relief activities by humanitarian agencies, lacked MHM activities. Understanding the previous practice and using local resources, the reusable sanitary cloth is a way to address the menstrual hygiene needs in the post-disaster situations in Nepal.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This mixed-methods study in three earthquake-affected villages of Sindhupalchowk, Nepal, found that menstrual hygiene management was a lower-priority but pressing need after the 2015 earthquake, with relief materials lacking menstrual adsorbents. Women and girls largely relied on reusable cloth, and the authors argue MHM should be integrated into disaster relief using culturally appropriate, sustainable local options.
Key findings
- Menstrual hygiene was the sixth highest perceived immediate need, listed by 18.8% of respondents; food (97.4%), shelter (75.2%), water (63.2%), clothes (47.0%), and information about family/relatives (29.9%) ranked higher.
- None of the 117 respondents received menstrual adsorbents as relief material in the first month after the earthquake; 49.6% received soap, and adequate privacy for MHM was available to 42.7%. Reusable cloth use rose from 66.7% before the earthquake to 76.1% after it, while disposable pad use was 23.9%.
- Disposable pads were preferred by 77.8% of respondents for being clean, hygienic, easy to use, and comfortable, but 73.5% perceived reusable cloth as a sustainable choice in disasters.
- Reusable cloth use after the earthquake was associated with age 25–34 years (OR = 3.14; CI 1.07–9.20), no schooling (OR = 9.68; CI 2.16–43.33), being married (OR = 2.99; CI 1.22–7.31), and prior reusable cloth use (OR = 5.82; CI 2.33–14.55).
Methods
- Mixed-methods study among 117 women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district, Nepal (Chautara, Kubhinde, and Pipaldanda), with data collected 16–29 August 2015, about three months after the 25 April 2015 earthquake.
- Purposive sampling was used to invite 127 eligible participants; 117 agreed, giving a response rate of 92.1%. Quantitative data came from a semi-structured questionnaire and were analyzed in SPSS v21.
- Qualitative data came from brief in-depth interviews with 5 respondents who menstruated on the day of or within the first week after the earthquake; transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that the study was conducted in one earthquake-affected district and may not be generalizable to all of Nepal; because the setting was predominantly rural, findings may be particularly unsuitable to urban areas.
- The paper also states potential recall bias cannot be overlooked because it asked about first menstrual period management after the earthquake and was conducted three months later.
- Evident from the text: the qualitative component included only 5 in-depth interviews, and the reported odds ratios are unadjusted, limiting the strength and transferability of the findings.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
35 Own result · 19 Not checked yet · 12 Own interpretation · 11 Own method · 2 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Married women & girls used reusable sanitary cloth 3 times more (OR = 2.99; CI = 1.22-7.31) than those who were unmarried.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reusable sanitary cloth were used by about 66.7% of the respondents before the earthquake”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“About 67% of respondents reported using a reusable cloth as a sanitary adsorbent during menstruation regularly before the earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 78 (66.7%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“None of the respondents reported receiving menstrual adsorbents as relief materials in the first month following the earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Within the first month of the earthquake, none of the respondents reported having received any menstrual hygiene adsorbents within the distributed relief materials.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Did not receive | 117 (100.0%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disposable pads (77.8%) were preferred by respondents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Majority of respondents (77.8%) preferred disposable pads as adsorbents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Disposable Pads | 91 (77.8%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 91- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women & girls who used reusable sanitary cloth prior to earthquake used reusable sanitary cloth 5 times more (OR = 5.82; CI = 2.33-14.55) than those who used disposable pads prior to the earthquake (Table 4).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were 42.8% women & girls who menstruated within first week of the earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women & girls who had no school education used reusable sanitary cloth 9 times more (OR = 9.68; CI = 2.16-43.33) than those who had some school education.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and remained a popular method (76.1%) post-earthquake.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Almost 76% of respondents used reusable cloths for managing menstrual bleeding”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 89 (76.1%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plainn = 89- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Menstrual hygiene was rated as the sixth highest overall need and perceived as an immediate need by 18.8% of the respondents.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Menstrual hygiene was the sixth highest perceived need, listed by 18.8% of the respondents (Table 2).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most respondents (73.5%) felt that reusable sanitary pads were a sustainable choice.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Reusable Cloth | 86 (73.5%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In post-earthquake situation, women who are in the age group of 15-34 years used reusable sanitary cloth 3 times more (OR = 3.14; CI = (1.07-9.20) than the girls in the age group of 15-24 years.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from the lack of adsorbents, privacy was highlighted as a serious issue.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Almost 76% of respondents used reusable cloths for managing menstrual bleeding, made mostly from old clothes (78.7%).”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Old clothes | 70 (78.7%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 89- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I found it quite difficult to locate a safe place where I could have some privacy even if it is was just for a few minutes. There were people everywhere.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 12% of women perceived the need for adsorbents required for menstrual hygiene management on the same day just after earthquake took place.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“On the day of earthquake | 15 (12.8%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I used an old cloth during my menstrual periods. My neighbor found me a secluded area behind the trees where I was told that other women also changed their pads/cloth. I was horrified at the small pile of sanitary cloth disposed openly just a little distance away.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even during a desperate situation such as the event faced by the respondents, menstrual hygiene management was still seen as a private issue.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Qualitative findings
plainn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| 25-34 years | 34 (85.0) | 6 (15.0) | 3.14 (1.07 – 9.20) | 0.031 |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Availability of a safe space with adequate privacy for changing of adsorbents was reported by 42.7% of respondents.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Adequately available | 50 (42.7%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 117- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 23.9% of respondents had access to disposable sanitary pads for managing the menstrual bleeding.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Disposable Pads | 28 (23.9%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This belief also extended to where they went for help.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Qualitative findings
plaindirectn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For those respondents who preferred reusable cloth as adsorbents (22.2%), easy availability, reusability, and habit were the reported reasons (Table 3).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this study, most respondents did not receive any menstrual hygiene adsorbents in the relief materials during the first month post-earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“| No School Education | 38 (95. 0) | 2 (5.0) | 9.68 (2.16 – 43.33) | |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“About 85% of respondents who could use disposable sanitary pads disposed the used pads at a random nearby open and uninhabited space.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Separately in a nearby open space | 24 (85.7%)”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I used disposable pads before, but I had to make do with my mother’s old cotton saree cloth, which came handy.”
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
“We managed to make a napkin from an old cotton saree. I only wore my napkin the following morning. There was no soap to take bath and I had to change before the sun came out.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Experiences of women in accessing adsorbents
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Availability of a safe, private space for changing was not available for more than half of the respondents.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only half of the respondents in this study received soaps as relief material in the first month following earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Safe disposal of sanitary pads was also a concerning issue”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Despite being an important issue concerning women and girls in the menstruating age group MHM is often overlooked in post-disaster responses.”
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
“Although increasingly considered, menstrual hygiene continues to be overlooked during disasters, even in community level responses [22, 28, 29].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Sommer M. Menstrual hygiene Management in Humanitarian Emergencies: gaps and recommendations. Waterlines. 2012;31(1&2):83–104. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Krishnan S, Twigg J. Menstrual hygiene: a “silent” need during disaster recovery. Waterlines. 2016;35(3):265–76. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Alam K, Rahman MH. Women in natural disasters: a case study from southern coastal region of Bangladesh. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2014;8:68–82. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, women and girls completely depended on the use of locally available resources as adsorbents during menstruation.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The three study villages and the 117 respondents are representative of women and adolescent girls in post-earthquake Nepal, so that findings can be generalized to the wider affected population.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Immediate relief activities by humanitarian agencies, lacked MHM activities.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition, pre-existing social taboos and cultural restraints during menstruation mean that managing menstruation is a greater challenge during disasters [20–22].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Gupta S, Sinha A. Awareness about reproduction and adolescent changes among school girls of different socioeconomic status. J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;4(56):324–8.
- Not checked yetcites [21] Adhikari P, Kadel B, Dhungel S, Mandak A. Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene in rural adolescent girls of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2007;5(19):382–6.
- Not checked yetcites [22] Sommer M. Menstrual hygiene Management in Humanitarian Emergencies: gaps and recommendations. Waterlines. 2012;31(1&2):83–104. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Types of adsorbents used, hygienic practices and cultural restrictions during menstruation are associated with negative clinical and psychosocial outcomes including reproductive and urinary tract infections, anemia, school absenteeism, and social isolation [1, 6, 15, 17, 18].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Biran A, Curtis V, Gautam OP, Greenland K, Islam MS, Schmidt W-P, et al. Menstrual Hygiene. In: Background paper on measuring WASH and food hygiene practices–definition of goals to be tackled post 2015 by the joint monitoring Programme. 1st ed. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2012. p. 81.
- Not checked yetcites [6] Ten VTA. Menstrual hygiene: a neglected condition for the achievement of seven millennium development goals. Zotermeer: Europe External Policy Advisors; 2007. p. 1–24.
- Not checked yetcites [15] Khanna A, Goyal RS, Bhawsar R. Menstrual practices and reproductive problems: a study of adolescent girls in Rajasthan. J Health Manag. 2005;7:91–107. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Davidson A. Narratives of menstrual product consumption: convenience, culture, or commoditization? Bull Sci Technol Soc. 2012;32(1):56. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Das P, Baker KK, Dutta A, Swain T, Sahoo S, Das BS, et al. Menstrual hygiene practices, WASH access and the risk of urogenital infection in women from Odisha. India PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–16.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Provision of fundamental human requirements such as shelter, food, clean water and medicines is prioritised, however other needs such as safe menstrual hygiene management that can have profound psychosocial impact if unmet are often neglected [22, 24].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Sommer M. Menstrual hygiene Management in Humanitarian Emergencies: gaps and recommendations. Waterlines. 2012;31(1&2):83–104. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Travers CL. No one cares we’re bleedling: the place of menstrual management in humanitarian response [dissertation]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2015.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our findings corroborate with news reports from Nepal [27, 36] and from literature which indicate that menstrual hygiene management is often not prioritized in relief works [22].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] Lee B. Nepal Earthquake : Push For Immediate Relief Leaves Menstrual Hygiene Behind [Internet]. International Business Times. 2015 [cited 2015 May 8]. Available from: http://www.ibtimes.com/nepal-earthquake-push-immediate-relief-leaves-menstrual-hygiene-behind-1905601
- Not checked yetcites [36] Thacker P. After earthquake in Nepal, sanitary menstruation practice at risk [internet]. New York Times. 2015 [cited 2015 May 15]. Available from: http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/05/01/after-earthquake-in-nepal-sanitary-menstruation-practices-at-risk/
- Not checked yetcites [22] Sommer M. Menstrual hygiene Management in Humanitarian Emergencies: gaps and recommendations. Waterlines. 2012;31(1&2):83–104. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In immediate post-disaster situations, most women and girls who menstruate during such events may perceive MHM activities as an immediate, peremptory need.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“The inability of women to freely talk about menstruation within their communities suggests that there are still taboos associated with menstruation [40].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] Sommer M, Phillips-Howard PA, Mahon T, Zients S, Jones M, Caruso BA. Beyond menstrual hygiene: addressing vaginal bleeding throughout the life course in low and middle-income countries. BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(2):e000405. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, we specifically asked questions related to the first menstrual period management after the earthquake, and as the study was conducted 3 months after the earthquake potential recall bias cannot be overlooked.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study brings evidence that MHM activities are lesser prioritized in immediate relief works.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Conclusion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Lessons from Myanmar and Lebanon suggests that, women and girls’ choice of adsorbents in emergency settings depend on the availability of the materials, privacy for changing the pads and availability of private space for washing and drying the reusable towels or disposing of pads [35].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Schmitt ML, Clatworthy D, Ratnayake R, Klaesener-Metzner N, Roesch E, Wheeler E, et al. Understanding the menstrual hygiene management challenges facing displaced girls and women: findings from qualitative assessments in Myanmar and Lebanon. Confl Health. 2017;11:19. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Availability of a toilet still leaves an unmet need for addressing the women’s need for menstruation related privacy [38].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] Caruso BA, Clasen TF, Hadley C, Yount KM, Haardörfer R, Rout M, et al. Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity: women’s gendered experiences of urination, defecation and menstruation in rural Odisha. India BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(4):e000414. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further, there is limited access to reproductive health services and safe menstrual hygiene materials during disasters [23].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [23] Anwar J, Mpofu E, Matthews LR, Shadoul AF, Brock KE. Reproductive health and access to healthcare facilities: risk factors for depression and anxiety in women with an earthquake experience. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:523. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion reports limited access to appropriate health facilities among women after an earthquake, and the Results discuss barriers to care for women with reproductive health events. This supports the access-to-care portion of the claim, but the paper does not address access to safe menstrual hygiene materials; it also studies an earthquake setting rather than disasters generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it was still possible for women to share problems with friends and get some help when available.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Qualitative findings
hedgedn = 5- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“…sanitary pads did not strike my mind until four days after the earthquake during afternoon when my periods began. My brother asked me if there was a problem as I was staying inside for a long time. I just couldn’t say out loud that I started my periods.”
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
“She could not tell her mother or other friends, as she felt that everyone was stressed and overwhelmed by the chaos surrounding the earthquake.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Experiences of women in accessing adsorbents
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Personal hygiene related issues · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, women had to improvise by making reusable sanitary towels from sarees or cloths, or obtain through their own networks of friends and relatives.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantitate findings reveal that MHM as a priority that was not immediately addressed, however women and girls also list MHM material as less pressing compared to other general needs in immediate post-earthquake situation.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative data presents evidence that for the menstruating women, it indeed was a challenge in timely accessing the material as well as availability of private space for the MHM activities.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Majority of respondents (77.8%) preferred disposable pads as adsorbents, as they were perceived to be cleaner, more hygienic, easier to use and more comfortable than alternative options.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“respondents felt that only women would be able to relate to the suffering they had to endure as a result of the lack of resources and privacy”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Field notes corresponded with the qualitative expression of the disposal of used pads. There was no designated space for waste disposal and used pads were disposed in open space nearby the place where women and girls went to change the pads.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results > Finding safe space during the first menstrual period
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most respondents in our study referred using reusable instead of disposable sanitary pads, as these were unavailable despite being more convenient”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantitative data were triangulated with in-depth interview regarding respondent’s personal experiences of menstrual hygiene management.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, there is limited evidence of menstrual hygiene management in humanitarian settings.”
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
“Although, there are some studies on menstrual hygiene management in Nepal, there is limited evidence on menstrual hygiene management especially in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal [12, 13, 21, 31].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Abstract > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [13] Budhathoki SS, Bhattachan M, Pokharel PK, Bhadra M, van Teijlingen E. Reusable sanitary towels: promoting menstrual hygiene in post-earthquake Nepal. J Fam Plan Reprod Heal Care. 2017;43:157–9. source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Adhikari P, Kadel B, Dhungel S, Mandak A. Knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene in rural adolescent girls of Nepal. Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2007;5(19):382–6.
- Not checked yetcites [31] Auemaneekul N, Bhandari S, Kerdmongkol P. Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in a Rural District of Nepal. Asia J Public Heal. 2013;4:8–15.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Background · plain
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The questionnaire was finalised in English and then translated into Nepali before the data collection using the translation-back translation method.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thematic saturation was considered once the analysis of data offered no new information and a redundancy of categories.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research team were external to the ongoing relief operations and had no influence on their logistics or other conflict of interests.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Young adolescent girls tend to be less prepared for MHM and suffer from anxiety, apprehensions, fear and shame during their menses [12, 19].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [19] Sommer M, Caruso BA, Sahin M, Calderon T, Cavill S, Mahon T, et al. A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools. PLoS Med. 2016;13(2):e1001962. source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our use of in-depth interviews illuminated the findings from the quantitative data and facilitated its understanding.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“these adsorbents might not be hygienic and could potentially lead to infections [3, 18].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Das P, Baker KK, Dutta A, Swain T, Sahoo S, Das BS, et al. Menstrual hygiene practices, WASH access and the risk of urogenital infection in women from Odisha. India PLoS One. 2015;10(6):1–16.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Written informed consent was obtained from all literate participants. For women unable to read, the information sheet was read out and the research objectives, expected roles of participants and voluntary nature of participation was explained in the presence of a literate female elder. A thumb print was obtained and this was countersigned by another witness. For respondents between 15 and 17 years”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ethical approval for this research was obtained from the Institutional Review Committee of B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (Ref: IRC/634/015), Dharan, Nepal.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Ethical considerations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research team identified 127 eligible individuals, of whom 117 agreed to participate (response rate 92.1%).”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
plainn = 127- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pretesting of the questionnaire was conducted with women and adolescent girls residing in temporary settlement areas of Kathmandu (n = 20) to ensure that questions were socio-culturally acceptable and completely answered our research question.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Face-to-face interview conducted by female interviewers are graduate medical and nursing professionals who were given 3-4 h orientation on both quantitative and qualitative questions before the data collection by the research team.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Methods > Data collection and analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Women and girls in low income settings have low awareness on hygienic practices and lack culturally appropriate materials for menstrual hygiene management (MHM) practices [3–5].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [3] Sumpter C, Torondel B. A systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management. PLoS One. 2013;8(4):e62004. source
- Not checked yetcites [4] McMahon SA, Winch PJ, Caruso BA, Obure AF, Ogutu EA, Ochari IA, et al. “The girl with her period is the one to hang her head” reflections on menstrual management among schoolgirls in rural Kenya. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2011;11(1):7. source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Arumugam B, Nagalingam S, Varman PM, Ravi P, Ganesan R. Menstrual hygiene practices: is it practically impractical ? Intern J Med Public Heal. 2014;4(4):472–6. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings indicate that whilst MHM activities are felt as important priorities for women and girls, they are often overlooked during disasters.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although menstrual hygiene management needs are only specific to a subgroup of the population, they appear as an immediate pressing requisite for the women affected”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our finding on the use of reusable sanitary towels is in concordance with practices reported by others in rural areas of Nepal [12].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Women and girls in India also report disposal of used sanitary pads in inappropriate places [16].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] van Eijk AM, Sivakami M, Thakkar MB, Bauman A, Laserson KF, Coates S, et al. Menstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India : a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010290. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society [9, 19, 37].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ranabhat C, Kim C-B, Choi EH, Aryal A, Park MB, Doh YA. Chhaupadi culture and reproductive health of women in Nepal. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(7):785–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Sommer M, Caruso BA, Sahin M, Calderon T, Cavill S, Mahon T, et al. A time for global action: addressing girls’ menstrual hygiene management needs in schools. PLoS Med. 2016;13(2):e1001962. source
- Not checked yetcites [37] Sommer M, Kjellen M, Pensulo C. Girls’ and women’s unmet needs for menstrual hygiene management (MHM): the interactions between MHM and sanitation systems in low-income countries. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2013;3(3):283–97. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Research from elsewhere also supports that menstrual hygiene being exclusively a feminine need is lesser priority in humanitarian responses whereas, the food and security needs expressed by participants are the fundamental immediate needs for everyone [24].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [24] Travers CL. No one cares we’re bleedling: the place of menstrual management in humanitarian response [dissertation]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2015.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As our study setting was predominantly rural, our findings may be particularly unsuitable to urban areas of the country.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reusable sanitary towels seem to be more easily available, and are perhaps a sustainable and culturally suitable alternative in the Nepalese context.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The choice of materials for adsorbents is made based on the availability of materials and the privacy for MHM activities”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As menstruation comes along with cultural and religious taboo, the MHM needs is present as a silent need, which is addressed by the use of local materials and resources in immediate post-disaster situations.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Conclusion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It was conducted in one earthquake-affected district of Nepal and may not therefore be generalizable to all other areas of Nepal.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Immediate measures during disasters are considered possible using locally available cloth as adsorbents [13].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13] Budhathoki SS, Bhattachan M, Pokharel PK, Bhadra M, van Teijlingen E. Reusable sanitary towels: promoting menstrual hygiene in post-earthquake Nepal. J Fam Plan Reprod Heal Care. 2017;43:157–9. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the south Asian context especially in India and Nepal, menstruation comes with many social restrictions including for religious rituals [9, 12, 38].”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Ranabhat C, Kim C-B, Choi EH, Aryal A, Park MB, Doh YA. Chhaupadi culture and reproductive health of women in Nepal. Asia-Pacific J Public Heal. 2015;27(7):785–95. source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Sapkota D, Sharma D, Budhathoki SS, Khanal VK, Pokharel HP. Knowledge and practices regarding menstruation among school going adolescents of rural Nepal. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2013;2(3):117–21.
- Not checked yetcites [38] Caruso BA, Clasen TF, Hadley C, Yount KM, Haardörfer R, Rout M, et al. Understanding and defining sanitation insecurity: women’s gendered experiences of urination, defecation and menstruation in rural Odisha. India BMJ Glob Heal. 2017;2(4):e000414. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The menstruating girl not being able to discuss the need for materials to manage her periods expressed in this study is an example of how silent the women and girls are about menstruation and related matters.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Discussion
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The three study villages and the 117 respondents are representative of women and adolescent girls in post-earthquake Nepal, so that findings can be generalized to the wider affected population.
“This study was conducted amongst 117 women and adolescent girls in three villages of Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal.”
“In the immediate aftermath of the earthquake, women and girls completely depended on the use of locally available resources as adsorbents during menstruation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Respondents' recall of menstrual practices, needs, and experiences from the earthquake period is accurate.
“Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire that captured experiences and perceptions of respondents on menstrual hygiene management in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquake.”
“When respondents were asked to recall up to five immediate needs following the earthquake”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In humanitarian contexts, changed access to materials was salient in women’s experiences as they adapted to new management practices or were unable continue their past preferred behaviours [40, 83].”
From Women’s and girls’ experiences of menstruation in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and qualitative metasynthesis (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“A small fraction (6%) of studies focused on the role of MHM, where women reported a lack of proper MHM products, such as clean pads, in addition to private areas and an absence of water provisioning for cleaning and sanitation needs (Khan et al., 2017;Budhathoki et al., 2018;Davis et al., 2018).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Budhathoki et al., 2018
In the citing paper
“The absence of such facilities forces women and girls to avoid practicing sustainable sanitation, hygiene, and MHM due to a fear of violence, or as a result of stigmatization (Kwiringira et al., 2014;Khan et al., 2017;Budhathoki et al., 2018;Davis et al., 2018;Winter et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health (2020) · cites this paper as Budhathoki et al., 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“women who are in the age group of 15-34 years used reusable sanitary cloth 3 times more (OR = 3.14; CI = (1.07-9.20) than the girls in the age group of 15-24 years.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 15-24 years | 27 (64.3) | 15 (35.7) | 1 | | | 25-34 years | 34 (85.0) | 6 (15.0) | 3.14 (1.07 – 9.20) | 0.031 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Reason for preferring Disposable pads (n = 91) | Reason for preferring Disposable pads (n = 91) | | Clean | 47 (40.2%) |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
Reported 40.2 · recomputed 51.648352
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 35-49 years | 35 (29.9%) |”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| 35-45 years | 28 (80.0) | 7 (20.0) | 2.22 (0.78 – 6.29) | 0.128 |”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“Soap was received by 50.4% of women and girls.”
§ Menstrual hygiene management among women and adolescent girls in the aftermath of the earthquake in Nepal > Results
“| Did not receive | 59 (50.4%) | | Received as relief material | 58 (49.6%) |”
Citations
Cites
Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013) · Nursing & Health Sciences · doi:10.1111/nhs.12048 · Cited by 8,327 · cited 1×
“The qualitative material was analysed by the researchers using thematic analysis [33].”
MethodA systematic review of the health and social effects of menstrual hygiene management
Sumpter, C., & Torondel, B. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062004 · Cited by 518 · cited 1×
“While this seems to be the only option during emergencies, these adsorbents might not be hygienic and could potentially lead to infections [3, 18].”
BackgroundMenstrual hygiene management among adolescent girls in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis
van Eijk, A. M., Sivakami, M., Thakkar, M. B., Bauman, A., Laserson, K. F., Coates, S., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010290 · Cited by 471 · cited 2×
“Women and girls in India also report disposal of used sanitary pads in inappropriate places [16].”
BackgroundMethodDas, P., Baker, K. K., Dutta, A., Swain, T., Sahoo, S., Das, B. S., Panda, B., Nayak, A., Bara, M., Bilung, B., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 · Cited by 441 · cited 2×
“Types of adsorbents used, hygienic practices and cultural restrictions during menstruation are associated with negative clinical and psychosocial outcomes including reproductive and urinary tract infections, anemia, school absenteeism, and social isolation [1, 6, 15, 17, 18].”
BackgroundA Time for Global Action: Addressing Girls’ Menstrual Hygiene Management Needs in Schools
Sommer, M., Caruso, B. A., Sahin, M., Calderon, T., Cavill, S., Mahon, T., & Phillips-Howard, P. A. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001962 · Cited by 435 · cited 2×
“Such low attention could also point to societal taboos and inadequate sensitivity on MHM within the wider society [9, 19, 37].”
BackgroundMcMahon, S. A., Winch, P. J., Caruso, B. A., Obure, A. F., Ogutu, E. A., Ochari, I. A., & Rheingans, R. D. (2011) · BMC International Health and Human Rights · doi:10.1186/1472-698x-11-7 · Cited by 316
Alam, M.-U., Luby, S. P., Halder, A. K., Islam, K., Opel, A., Shoab, A. K., Ghosh, P. K., Rahman, M., Mahon, T., & Unicomb, L. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015508 · Cited by 283
Menstrual Practices and Reproductive Problems: A Study of Adolescent Girls in Rajasthan
Khanna, A., Goyal, R. S., & Bhawsar, R. (2005) · Journal of Health Management · doi:10.1177/097206340400700103 · Cited by 248 · cited 1×
“Types of adsorbents used, hygienic practices and cultural restrictions during menstruation are associated with negative clinical and psychosocial outcomes including reproductive and urinary tract infections, anemia, school absenteeism, and social isolation [1, 6, 15, 17, 18].”
BackgroundMenstrual knowledge and practices of female adolescents in urban Karachi, Pakistan
Ali, T. S., & Rizvi, S. N. (2010) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.05.013 · Cited by 187
Women in natural disasters: A case study from southern coastal region of Bangladesh
Alam, K., & Rahman, M. H. (2014) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction · doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2014.01.003 · Cited by 184 · cited 1×
“Although increasingly considered, menstrual hygiene continues to be overlooked during disasters, even in community level responses [22, 28, 29].”
Background
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Biran A, Curtis V, Gautam OP, Greenland K, Islam MS, Schmidt W-P, et al. Menstrual Hygiene. In: Background paper on measuring WASH and food hygiene practices–definition of goals to be tackled post 2015 by the joint monitoring Programme. 1st ed. London: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine; 2012. p. 81.
- Ten VTA. Menstrual hygiene: a neglected condition for the achievement of seven millennium development goals. Zotermeer: Europe External Policy Advisors; 2007. p. 1–24.
- Kaur K, Arora B, Singh GK, Neki NS. Social beliefs and practices associated with menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls of Amritsar, Punjab. India J Int Med Sci Acad. 2012;25(2):69–70.
- Travers CL. No one cares we’re bleedling: the place of menstrual management in humanitarian response [dissertation]. Uppsala: Uppsala Universitet; 2015.
- Bradshaw S, Fordham M. Women, girls and disasters: a review for DFID. 2013.
- Auemaneekul N, Bhandari S, Kerdmongkol P. Menstrual hygiene practices among adolescents in a Rural District of Nepal. Asia J Public Heal. 2013;4:8–15.
- Jamieson S. Stinking 10,000 tonne pile of rubbish in great heck. The Telegraph: Yorkshire investigated by Environment Agency; 2015.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hennegan, J., Shannon, A. K., Rubli, J., Schwab, K. J., & Melendez-Torres, G. J. (2019) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002803 · Cited by 577
“…2016 [66]; Naeem 2015 [74]; Person 2014 [80]; Tamiru 2015 [91]; UN Women 2017 [98] EXPERIENCE Shame and distress (n = 18) Aziato 2014 [103, 104]; Budhathoki 2018 [40]; Caruso 2017 [16]; Chebii 2018 [43]; Chinyama 2019 [44]; Crichton 2013 [10]; Daniels 2016 [51]; Girod 2017 [58]; Hemachandra…”
MethodInfluentialPokhrel, D., Bhattarai, S., Emgård, M., von Schickfus, M., Forsberg, B. C., & Biermann, O. (2021) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-020-01036-0 · Cited by 111
A Systematic Review of Water and Gender Interlinkages: Assessing the Intersection With Health
Pouramin, P., Nagabhatla, N., & Miletto, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Water · doi:10.3389/frwa.2020.00006 · Cited by 96
Experiences of rural women with damages resulting from an earthquake in Iran: a qualitative study
Lebni, J. Y., Khorami, F., Azar, F. E. F., Khosravi, B., Safari, H., & Ziapour, A. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08752-z · Cited by 82
Patel, K., Panda, N., Sahoo, K. C., Saxena, S., Chouhan, N. S., Singh, P., Ghosh, U., & Panda, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1018092 · Cited by 91
Metadata
- Authors
- Budhathoki, S. S., Bhattachan, M., Castro-Sánchez, E., Sagtani, R. A., Rayamajhi, R. B., Rai, P., & Sharma, G.
- Affiliations
- B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (NP)
- Patan Academy of Health Sciences (NP)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Budhathoki, Shyam Sundar
- Venue
- BMC Women's Health
- Published
- 2018-02-02
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1472-6874 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5797351
- OpenAlex
- W2794607260
- Semantic Scholar
- ddbf120d4fa056489c46a9f5ecfb39b6d8f54fc1
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 10.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- BMC Women s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- City Research Online (City University London) (acceptedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Florence Nightingale Foundation
- Imperial College London
- Public Health England
- Patient Safety Translational Research Centre
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Emergency Medical Services › Disaster Response and Management
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies and Social Issues
- Keywords
- menstrual hygiene management, adolescent girls, women, humanitarian aid, menstrual products, disaster response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Hygiene, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Menarche, Menstruation, Nepal, Surveys and Questionnaires, Rural Population, Menstrual Hygiene Products, Hygiene Products, Young Adult, Earthquakes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-08, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-08 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
