Public health impact of the spread of Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Horn of Africa and Yemen: need for integrated vector surveillance and control

Al-Eryani, Samira M.; Irish, Seth R.; Carter, Tamar E.; Lenhart, Audrey; Aljasari, Adel; Montoya, Lucia Fernández; Awash, Abdullah A.; Mohammed, Elmonshawe; Ali, Said; Esmail, Mohammed A.; Hussain, Abdulhafid; Amran, Jamal G.; Kayad, Samatar; Nouredayem, Mujahid; Adam, Mariam A.; Azkoul, Lina; Assada, Methaq; Baheshm, Yasser A.; Eltahir, Walid; Hutin, Yvan J.

doi:10.1186/s12936-023-04545-y

Cited by 58Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlBird parasitology and diseases

Public health impact of the spread of Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Horn of Africa and Yemen: need for integrated vector surveillance and control

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Al-Eryani, Samira M., Irish, Seth R., Carter, Tamar E., Lenhart, Audrey, Aljasari, Adel, Montoya, Lucia Fernández, Awash, Abdullah A., Mohammed, Elmonshawe +12 more·2023·Malaria Journal

DOI 10.1186/s12936-023-04545-yPMC PMC10278259

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Abstract

Background: Anopheles stephensi is an efficient vector of both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in South Asia and the Middle East. The spread of An. stephensi to countries within the Horn of Africa threatens progress in malaria control in this region as well as the rest of sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: The available malaria data and the timeline for the detection of An. stephensi was reviewed to analyse the role of An. stephensi in malaria transmission in Horn of Africa of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) in Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen. Results: Malaria incidence in Horn of Africa of EMR and Yemen, increased from 41.6 in 2015 to 61.5 cases per 1000 in 2020. The four countries from this region, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen had reported the detection of An. stephensi as of 2021. In Djibouti City, following its detection in 2012, the estimated incidence increased from 2.5 cases per 1000 in 2013 to 97.6 cases per 1000 in 2020. However, its contribution to malaria transmission in other major cities and in other countries, is unclear because of other factors, quality of the urban malaria data, human mobility, uncertainty about the actual arrival time of An. stephensi and poor entomological surveillance. Conclusions: While An. stephensi may explain a resurgence of malaria in Djibouti, further investigations are needed to understand its interpretation trends in urban malaria across the greater region. More investment for multisectoral approach and integrated surveillance and control should target all vectors particularly malaria and dengue vectors to guide interventions in urban areas.

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An increase in malaria incidence has been reported in Aden, similar to outbreaks in Dire Dawa and Djibouti City.
“Finally, an increase in malaria incidence has also been reported in Aden, similar to outbreaks observed in major hubs of An. stephensi populations such as Dire Dawa, Ethiopia and Djibouti City, Djibouti [9].”
From Sequencing confirms Anopheles stephensi distribution across southern Yemen (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Results section reports rising malaria incidence in Aden, and the Discussion says Aden’s upward trend shares features with Djibouti City’s and describes outbreaks there. The passages from our copy do not address an outbreak in Dire Dawa, so that part of the comparison is unsupported by this source (no page numbers supplied). (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Aden City is an urban port city with frequent population movement inward from the Horn of Africa.
“It is an urban area and port city with frequent population movement inward through the flow of internally displaced persons and refugees from the Horn of Africa [9].”
From Sequencing confirms Anopheles stephensi distribution across southern Yemen (2024) · cites this paper as [9]

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Anopheles stephensi in Africa requires a more integrated response
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Authors: Al-Eryani, S. M., Irish, S. R., Carter, T. E., Lenhart, A., Aljasari, A., Montoya, L. F., Awash, A. A., Mohammed, E., Ali, S., Esmail, M. A., Hussain, A., Amran, J. G., Kayad, S., Nouredayem, M., Adam, M. A., Azkoul, L., Assada, M., Baheshm, Y. A., Eltahir, W., & Hutin, Y. J.
Affiliations: World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (EG)
World Health Organization (CH)
Baylor University (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Wasaaradda Caafimaadka (SO)
Federal Ministry of Health (SD)
Corresponding author: Al-Eryani, Samira M.
ORCID: Irish, Seth R.
Carter, Tamar E.
Lenhart, Audrey
Adam, Mariam A.
Hutin, Yvan J.
Venue: Malaria Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2023-06-19
Volume: 22
Issue: 1
Pages: 187-187
ISSN: 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04545-y
PMC: PMC10278259
OpenAlex: W4381248947
Cited by: 57
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 4
FWCI: 2.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
World Health Organization
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Keywords: Anopheles stephensi, malaria resurgence, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, urban malaria, malaria incidence, vector surveillance, vector control, integrated vector management, dengue vector, Djibouti, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, Horn of Africa, WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region
MeSH terms: Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Humans, Malaria, Public Health, Sudan, World Health Organization, Yemen

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Public health impact of the spread of Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region countries in Horn of Africa and Yemen: need for integrated vector surveillance and control

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