The gendered experience with respect to health-seeking behaviour in an urban slum of Kolkata, India

May combine two claims.

The data collection reached a saturation point after the eighth interview of each man and each woman in the three religious groups, as no new shared themes were generated.

“after the eighth interview (of each man and each woman in the three religious groups) no new shared themes were generated from the interviews. Therefore, it was deemed that the data collection had reached a saturation point”

• cites [37] Sandelowski M. In: Given LM, editor. Theoretical saturation. In the SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods, vol. 2. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2008. p. 875–6. sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [38] Saunders B, Sim J, Kingstone T, Baker S, Waterfield J, Bartlam B, Burroughs H, Jinks C. Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Quality & Quantity. 2017;51:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1113 . sourceCould not verify

  The Research design and Discussion passages describe simulations of AR(1) estimators, not qualitative interviews. Searches for the eighth interview, religious groups, shared themes, and data saturation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In the Indian context, due to traditional gender preferences, cheaper public care providers are sought by households for girls, while for boys private qualified providers are consulted, more money is spent and greater distances are travelled if necessary.

“due to traditional gender preferences, cheaper public care providers are sought by households for girls, while for boys private qualified providers are consulted, more money is spent and greater distances are travelled, if necessary [25–27].”

• cites [25] Ganatra B, Hirve S. Male bias in healthcare utilization for under-fives in a rural community in western India. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 1994;72:101–4. PMCID: 2486511Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites [26] Willis JR, Kumar V, Mohanty S, Singh P, Singh V, Baqui AH, Awasthi S, Singh JV, Santosham M, Gary L, Darmstadt L. Gender differences in perception and treatment-seeking for illness of newborns in rural Uttar Pradesh, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2009;27:62–71. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v27i1.3318 . PMCID: 2761808 sourcePartly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites [27] Pandey A, Sengupta PG, Mondal SK, Gupta DN, Manna B, Ghosh S, Sur D, Bhattacharya SK. Gender differences in health treatment-seeking during common illnesses in a rural community of West Bengal, India. J Health Popul Nutr. 2002;20:306–11. PMID:12659410Not checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The way in which gender and health-seeking are inter-linked is unique for each setting, including slum areas.

“the way in which gender and health-seeking are inter-linked is unique for each setting [9], including slum areas [10].”

• cites [9] Whitzman C. At the intersection of invisibilities: Canadian women, homelessness and health outside the ‘big city’. Gender, Place and Culture. 2006;13:383–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690600808502 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [10] Shaikh BT, Hatcher J. Health seeking behaviour and health service utilization in Pakistan: challenging the policy makers. Journal of public health. 2005;27:49–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdh207 . PMID:15590705 sourcePartly supported

  The Cultural and socio-demographic factors and Women's autonomy sections describe how gender roles and local cultural practices affect health seeking in Pakistan. They support a link between gender and health seeking, but do not establish that the link is unique in each setting. The slum-area clause is attached to a different citation [10], so it is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.81)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Many men perceive illness as lasting, impacting body longer, cannot be managed single-handedly, and requires professional attention.

“Many men perceive illness as something that lasts and has its impact on the body for a longer period, that it cannot be managed single-handily and essentially requires professional attention.”

May combine two claims.

Women comment informal healers are more sensitive while diagnosing and handle women clients with care.

“They comment on the uncaring diagnosis process of the formal care system, that informal healers are much more sensitive while diagnosing the nature of the illness, thus handling women clients with care.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to men, women nag too much about illnesses, so they are given light diseases (mundane and infectious ailments) as hard diseases cannot be handled by them.

“According to men, women nag too much about illnesses, so they are given all sorts of light diseases (i.e. mundane and infectious ailments) as hard diseases cannot be handled by them.”

May combine two claims.

Women find it easier to access informal practitioners as alternatives who generally do not demand money for their services and are willing to accept payment in kind.

“women find it easier to access informal practitioners as alternatives who generally do not demand money for their services and are willing to accept payment in kind.”

May combine two claims.

Almost every male respondent tended to underuse health care services or believed in delayed help-seeking.

“Almost every male respondent normally tended to underuse health care services or believed in delayed help-seeking.”

May combine two claims.

Family members are not always available to accompany women to hospitals, so they find it difficult to continue treatment.

“Family members are not always available to accompany them to hospitals, so they find it difficult to continue their treatment.”

May combine two claims.

Hospitals in the study area are situated at a fair distance and women are not allowed to frequently commute alone without company.

“Hospitals in the study area are situated at a fair distance and women are not allowed to frequently commute alone without company.”

May combine two claims.

Men believe they differ from women biologically and environmentally, so formal care is more suitable for themselves than informal.

“Men believe that they differ from women both in terms of biological and environmental features, so for themselves, they find formal care more suitable than informal health care.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

General perception of men is professionals do not conduct treatment based on superficial analysis (as informal healers do), but based on variety of technologies.

“The general perception of men is that professionals do not conduct their treatment on the basis of a superficial analysis (as informal healers do), rather based on a variety of technologies.”

May combine two claims.

Women seek therapies that are generally of inferior quality (less effective and slow or with a slight improvement) but that primarily help them escape social stigma and illness-related consequences.

“Although women do not deny their illnesses and look for treatment, they do seek therapies that are generally of inferior quality (less effective and slow or with a slight improvement) but that primarily help them escape social stigma and illness-related consequences.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Men's decisions are often not in line with women's preferences; husbands often suspect that women fake illness and do not consider women's health problems as serious.

“men’s decisions are often not in line with women’s preferences.”

• Also stated in: § Women’s perceptions regarding informal and formal health services · plain

  “An important obstacle they mentioned is that husbands often suspect that they (women) fake illness. Furthermore, many women remarked that men often do not consider women’s health problems as serious.”

May combine two claims.

Most female participants did not earn their own incomes and lacked financial autonomy and decision-making power when it comes to seeking formal care; men are the main providers of money and make all health care-related decisions for them.

“Most of our female participants did not earn their own incomes and as such, lacked the financial autonomy and decision-making power when it comes to seeking formal care. Men are the main providers of money for women and, therefore, make all the health care-related decisions for them.”

May combine two claims.

Informal practitioners are generally good counsellors; being usually old and wise, they help women escape pressures caused by family or marital disputes.

“Besides healers, informal practitioners are generally good counsellors. Being usually old and wise, they help women escape pressures caused by family or marital disputes.”

May combine two claims.

Informal care has advantages: healers within reach, no travel costs, accessible any time, minimising chances of discontinuing treatment.

“This has several advantages: healers are found within reach; no travel costs need to be borne; and healers can be accessed any time when convenient, which, in turn, minimises the chances of discontinuing the treatment.”

May combine two claims.

Women pointed to geographic inaccessibility as a factor giving rise to time constraints, increased travel costs, and failure to attend follow-ups.

“Women pointed to geographic inaccessibility as one of the factors giving rise to problems such as time constraints, increased travel costs and failure to attend follow-ups.”

May combine two claims.

Most men consider only over-the-counter drugs as effective informal care, and assess professionals by comparing with other informal care.

“As most of the men in this study consider only one form of informal care (over-the-counter drugs) as being effective, they try to assess the quality of professionals as good or bad by comparing with other forms of informal care.”

May combine two claims.

Women had enough information about various informal healers, their kind of treatment charges and concessions, due to a wide networking system that informal healers have both at individual and social levels, which clinical providers lack.

“women said that they had enough information about various informal healers, their kind of treatment charges and concessions. This is due to a wide networking system that informal healers have both at the individual and social levels, which clinical providers lack.”

May combine two claims.

When informal care treatment fails, some women feel the urgency to approach formal care providers, but still look for options within the formal care domain that limit monetary loss; as a result, women use homoeopathic care rather than allopathic medicine as an initial choice, primarily because of cheap consultation fees and medical expenses.

“When informal care treatment fails, some women feel the urgency to approach formal care providers. However, they still look for options within the formal care domain that limit monetary loss. As a result, women are seen using homoeopathic care rather than allopathic medicine as an initial choice (even though it is not always effective), primarily because of cheap consultation fees and medical exp”

May combine two claims.

Informal healers prefer to see only one client at a time and allot different timings to protect patients' identity, helping care seekers avoid harassment within their community.

“Familiar with this kind of social stigma, informal healers prefer to see only one client at a time. Different timings are allotted to each of the patients in order to protect their identity, thus helping the care seekers avoid becoming the victims of harassment within their community.”

May combine two claims.

Majority of male respondents judge value of care based on activities constituting treatment, with real worth evaluated only for chronic illnesses.

“The majority of the male respondents also judge the value of care based on the activities constituting treatment. It is observed that the real worth is evaluated only in the case of chronic illnesses (and not for common health problems).”

May combine two claims.

Most men prefer purchasing drugs from drug stores for general ailments because drug stores are easily accessible within their neighbourhood, avoiding travel time and money.

“Most of the men prefer purchasing drugs from drug stores for general ailments, since drug stores are easily accessible within their neighbourhood. This avoids the need for travel, which they usually consider a waste of both time and money.”

May combine two claims.

Many women respondents complained that doctors do not value feelings, provide no privacy, and see too many patients, increasing chance of meeting a known face and risk of secrets revealed.

“By contrast, many women respondents complained that doctors do not care to value the feelings of the patient and family, that there is no privacy during consultations and that doctors see too many patients at a time, thus increasing their chances of meeting a known face and the subsequent risk of secrets getting revealed.”

May combine two claims.

Most women do not make use of concessions regarding health expenses due to lack of knowledge and information about accredited health care benefits, leading to out-of-pocket spending and financial crisis.

“Most of the women expressed that they do not make use of concessions regarding health expenses due to lack of knowledge and information about accredited health care beneficits. As a result, they end up spending huge amounts of money for tertiary care. As they pay out of pocket, they face a terrible financial crisis which they are then unable to recover from for several years.”

May combine two claims.

Informal healers are generally competent in dealing with the financial and socio-cultural hassles that women experience when they seek treatment, thus securing women's position both in the family and society.

“Informal healers are generally competent in dealing with the financial and socio-cultural hassles (besides illnesses) that women experience when they seek treatment, thus securing their position both in the family and society.”

May combine two claims.

Women often find it difficult to adjust household activities to accommodate inconvenient appointments (mainly daytime) at hospitals and private clinics, and consequently skip medical check-ups.

“Women often find it difficult to adjust their household activities schedule to accommodate inconvenient appointments (mainly during the daytime) at hospitals and private clinics. As a consequence, they are forced to skip medical check-ups.”

May combine two claims.

Socio-cultural norms influence women's health beliefs and habits, as women do not entirely stop consulting informal healers even while they seek formal health care.

“social-cultural norms also have a strong impact on women in terms of influencing their health beliefs and habits. This is quite evident in that women do not entirely stop consulting informal healers, even while they seek formal health care.”

May combine two claims.

Majority of men do not seek help for general health problems, but look for help for specific and longstanding illnesses.

“The majority of them responded that they do not seek help for general health problems, however; they look for help for specific and longstanding illnesses.”

May combine two claims.

In the study slum, 35% of men and 0% of women used formal care only.

“| Formal | 12 (35) | 0 |”

May combine two claims.

In the study slum, 21% of men and 47% of women used informal care only.

“| Informal | 7 (21) | 15 (47) |”

May combine two claims.

Women generally feel that during patient-doctor interactions family members are more proficient in speaking on their behalf, and their preconceived notion about clinical care as strange therapy prevents them from discussing health problems freely.

“women generally feel that during the patient-doctor interactions family members are more proficient in speaking on their behalf. This is because they think their preconceived notion about clinical care as strange therapy prevents them from discussing health problems freely.”

May combine two claims.

In the study slum, 0% of men and 31% of women used both formal and informal care.

“| Partial use of institutions (formal + informal) | 0 | 10 (31) |”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Women in developing countries utilise formal health care to a lesser extent than men and are more inclined towards traditional healing options.

“women in developing countries utilise formal health care to a lesser extent than men [15] and instead are more inclined towards traditional healing options [16].”

• cites [15] Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR. Gender and biomedical/traditional mental health utilization among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1999;23:219–43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005455809283 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [16] Vlassoff C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25:47–61. PMCID: 3013263Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The recordings were listened to several times to ensure the accuracy of the transcription.

“the recordings were listened to several times to ensure the accuracy of the transcription.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Professionals can show patients specific affected area internally and healing status post-treatment, which informal healers cannot, assuring men they are undergoing correct treatment and making professionals superior.

“Furthermore, professionals can show patients the specific affected area internally and its healing status post-treatment, which informal healers cannot. This assures men that they are undergoing correct treatment, thus in a way making professionals superior to informal healers.”

May combine two claims.

Data saturation in a qualitative study typically occurs by the time 12 interviews have been analysed, and 12 individual interviews are enough to include 88-92% of information.

“data saturation in a qualitative study typically occurs by the time 12 interviews have been analysed. Additional new patterns emerge rarely after that, as 12 individual interviews are enough to include 88–92% of information [36].”

• cites [35] Bertaux D. [ed]. Bibliography and society: the life history approach in the social sciences. London: Sage; 1981.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [36] Guest G, Bunce A, Johnson L. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field methods. 2006;18:59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Key findings show men and women use formal and informal care in different ways and have different motivations for their choices.

“Yet, the key findings of this study show that they do so in different ways and have different motivations for their choices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reliability of the final themes was confirmed by choosing examples from the transcript to verify whether they illustrated elements of the themes.

“The reliability of the final themes was confirmed by choosing examples from the transcript to verify whether they illustrated elements of the themes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The interview guide was translated into Bengali, back-translated into English, and piloted to maintain consistency of meaning between the two versions.

“Following a round of piloting with the Bengali interview guide, the questions were then back-translated into English to maintain consistency of meaning between the two versions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Previous findings had highlighted that gender differences manifested in men being more inclined towards formal health care, whereas women were more inclined towards alternative health care.

“Previous findings had highlighted that gender differences manifested in men being more inclined towards formal health care, whereas women were more inclined towards alternative health care [15, 22].”

• cites [15] Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR. Gender and biomedical/traditional mental health utilization among the Bedouin-Arabs of the Negev. Cult Med Psychiatry. 1999;23:219–43. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005455809283 . sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [22] Vlassoff C. Gender inequalities in health in the third world: uncharted ground. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:1249–59. PMID:7801162 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Women's inferior status in family and society restricts their access to health care, decision-making, education and economic resources.

“women’s inferior status in family and society restricts their access to health care, decision-making, education and economic resources.”

• cites [22] Vlassoff C. Gender inequalities in health in the third world: uncharted ground. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:1249–59. PMID:7801162 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Some men consider medical knowledge of pharmacists equivalent to clinical professionals, so men feel convinced they can access quality care from drug dealers as an alternative.

“Some men consider the medical knowledge of pharmacists as equivalent to that of clinical professionals. Hence, men feel convinced that they can access quality care from drug dealers as an alternative option.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The ISEC's Ethics Committee formally examined the study protocol and provided ethical approval.

“The ISEC’s Ethics Committee formally examined the study protocol and provided ethical approval.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The field data was collected by the main researcher, a woman, which favoured openness of female respondents but may have introduced a bias in gathering male perspectives, adding a limitation to the study.

“Since the field data was collected by the main researcher, a woman, this favoured openness of female respondents, who are traditionally more reserved. However, it may have introduced a bias in gathering the male perspectives and therefore adds a limitation to the study.”

May combine two claims.

Different informal therapies (other than OTC drugs) are considered time-consuming with no indication of duration required for recovery, so men seem less inclined towards them.

“Since different informal therapies (other than counter over-the-counter drugs) are considered time-consuming, with no indication with regard to the duration required for recovery, it appears natural that men seem less inclined towards such informal therapies, as observed by us during the study period.”

May combine two claims.

Gender-induced contrasts in health-seeking relate to a preference for socio-cultural (women) versus technological (men) therapies and long (women) versus fast (men) treatment, and are linked to their different societal and familial roles.

“These gender-induced contrasts relate to a preference for socio-cultural (women) versus technological (men) therapies and long (women) versus fast (men) treatment, and are linked to their different societal and familial roles.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Professional help was sought to examine the translations of the original text, and corrections were made to avoid inconsistency.

“Professional help was sought out to examine the translations of the original text. Some corrections were made and inconsistency was avoided.”

May combine two claims.

The role of women in following and maintaining socio-cultural norms leads them to focus on care that involves long discussions mixed with socio-cultural traits that help avoid economic and social sanctions, while the role of men as bread earners requires them to look for care that ensures a fast and complete recovery so as to avoid financial pressures.

“The role of women in following and maintaining socio-cultural norms leads them to focus on care that involves long discussions mixed with socio-cultural traits that help avoid economic and social sanctions, while the role of men as bread earners requires them to look for care that ensures a fast and complete recovery so as to avoid financial pressures.”

May combine two claims.

Therapies that cannot guarantee quick recovery render men more vulnerable, putting them under stress and making it difficult to manage financial position during sickness.

“Therapies that cannot guarantee a quick recovery render men more vulnerable. This, in turn, puts them under stress, making it difficult to manage their financial position during sickness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Oral consent to participate was obtained from all participants after explaining the purpose of the study, and anonymity and confidentiality were assured.

“oral consent to participate was obtained from all the participants, after the purpose of the study had been explained, and anonymity and confidentiality were assured.”

May combine two claims.

In spite of being aware formal care is effective, women undermine its value, thinking they will face mobility restrictions, resulting in abandoning treatment before conclusion.

“Thus, in spite of being aware of the fact that formal care is effective, they undermine its value, thinking that at some point in time they will have to face mobility restrictions, resulting into abandoning the treatment before its conclusion.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Formal care is effective.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Compared to formal care, informal therapies for chronic illnesses can lead to frequent relapses, making men unfit for work and hampering livelihood.

“Compared to formal care, informal therapies for chronic illnesses can lead to frequent relapses, making men unfit for work aside from further hampering their livelihood.”

May combine two claims.

Both men and women utilise formal and informal care, but with different motives and expectations, leading to contrasting health-seeking outcomes.

“Our results suggest that both men and women utilise formal and informal care, but with different motives and expectations, leading to contrasting health-seeking outcomes.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The gender socialisation process, shaped by socio-cultural ethos, impacts health-related notions and habits, including decisions regarding when and where to seek help.

“the gender socialisation process, which is in itself shaped by the socio-cultural ethos, also tends to impact health-related notions and habits, including decisions regarding when and where to seek help.”

• cites [17] Harrison J, Chin J, Ficarrotto T. Warning: Masculinity may be dangerous to your health. In: Kimmel MS, Messner MA, editors. Men’s lives. New York: Macmillan Press; 1992. p. 271–85.Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.