Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in cancer therapy resistance: recent advances and therapeutic potential

Cancer statistics, 2020

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Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

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The biology , function , and biomedical applications of exosomes

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Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial

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Mismatch repair deficiency predicts response of solid tumors to PD-1 blockade

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Isolation and Characterization of Exosomes from Cell Culture Supernatants and Biological Fluids

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Primary, Adaptive, and Acquired Resistance to Cancer Immunotherapy

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Exosomes: composition, biogenesis and function

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Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes

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Emerging roles of exosomes in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic potential in ovarian cancer: a comprehensive review

Tuscharoenporn, T., Apaijai, N., Charoenkwan, K., Chattipakorn, N., & Chattipakorn, S. C. (2025) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41417-025-00871-2 · Cited by 3

Natural carrier systems in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy

Owliaee, I., Shoushtari, M. M., Karimi, Z., & Shojaeian, A. (2025) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2535787 · Cited by 3

Non-hormone replacement therapy to overcome premature ovarian insufficiency: advances in natural products and stem cells targeting autophagy

Yang, X., Jia, Z., Shi, M., Li, Y., Zhang, G., Wang, P., Sun, X., Qi, W., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1571021 · Cited by 2

The Mechanistic Diversity and Therapeutic Advances of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Gastric Cancer Progression

Yang, F., Zhu, Z., Shi, L., & Liu, X. (2025) · Biocell · doi:10.32604/biocell.2025.064982 · Cited by 2

Ropivacaine-loaded tumor-derived vesicles targeting CCNB1 and autophagy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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Adipose-Derived Exosomes: mediators of crosstalk between Adipose tissue and cancer

Wang, C., Zheng, Z., Wu, C., Zhang, D., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, G., & Zhou, R. (2025) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.1080/15384047.2025.2547564 · Cited by 3

Exosomal miR-140–3p produced by bone marrow stromal cells affects acute myeloid leukemia cell growth and apoptosis by targeting SUZ12

Li, J., Li, F., Zhang, M., Wu, Y., Wang, M., & Zhang, P. (2025) · Leukemia Research · doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2025.108122 · Cited by 2

Genetically engineered MSCs overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor for the treatment of human refractory wounds

Nie, M., Huang, D., Wang, D., Zhao, Y., & Sun, L. (2025) · 中国科学通报：英文版 · doi:10.1016/j.scib.2025.11.046 · Cited by 2

Cancer-associated adipocytes promote peritoneal metastasis of colorectal signet ring cell carcinoma via FABP4 induction

Dai, W., Luo, W., Fang, H., Gu, R., Cai, G., Chen, Y., Zhao, S., & Wang, R. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02569-2 · Cited by 2

Small Extracellular Vesicles: Unraveling Their Roles in Ovarian Cancer Progression and Tapping Into Clinical Application Potential

Zhou, Y., Ding, D., Liu, F., & Han, F. (2025) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s570068 · Cited by 2

Extracellular vesicles: A new therapeutic drug for nerve injury repair

Cai, J., Ren, C., Wang, C., Shen, S., Xu, B., & Cui, C. (2025) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-25-00133 · Cited by 4

Vesicles for cell crosstalk in bone: composition, function and application

Gu, C., Chen, Y., Chen, P., Tian, H., Jiang, J., Wang, Z., Yan, H., & Lin, X. (2026) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-025-3068-y · Cited by 2

Therapeutic Exosomes for Rare Cancers: Advances and Clinical Translation

Unnikrishnan, K., Mahesh, A. V., & Kumar, R. M. R. (2026) · ChemMedChem · doi:10.1002/cmdc.202500653 · Cited by 2

Targeting ferroptosis in photoaging: mechanisms and therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cell exosomes

Xiong, S., Ji, J., Cheng, W., Pang, Q., Lin, C., & Wei, P. (2026) · Plastic and Aesthetic Research · doi:10.20517/2347-9264.2025.123 · Cited by 2

Targeting Tumor Stroma: Current Challenges and Future Directions

Wang, S., Hu, H., Zeng, W., Qin, L., Chen, X., Liao, Z., Liu, F., & Zhang, Z. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70763 · Cited by 2

Human mesenchymal stem cell-derived miR-3614-5p exosomes suppress progression of colorectal cancer by targeting IL7Rα

Ye, M., Bian, Y., Lin, Y., Li, S., Jiang, L., Wu, J., Xie, Y., Ning, S., Liu, Y., Huang, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-07859-y · Cited by 2

Perspectives on Stem Cell Therapy in Diabetic Neuropathic Pain

Montagnoli, T. L., Santos, A. D., Sudo, S. Z., Gubert, F., Vasques, J. F., Méndez‐Otero, R., de Sá, M. P. L., & Zapata‐Sudo, G. (2024) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint16050070 · Cited by 2

HUC-MSC-derived exosomes repaired the damage induced by hydroquinone to 16HBE cells via miR-221/PTEN pathway

Zhou, X., He, S., He, J., Xiong, Y., Hu, Z., Xian, H., Guo, G., Tan, S., Ouyang, D., Liu, R., et al. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117120 · Cited by 2

Drug delivery for age-related bone diseases: From therapeutic targets to common and emerging therapeutic strategies

Bi, J., Zeng, J., Liu, X., Mo, C., Yao, M., Zhang, J., Yuan, P., Jia, B., & Xu, S. (2024) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102209 · Cited by 2

Isolation of Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Large-Volume Samples with GMP Compliance for Clinical Trials

Zhou, Y., Ren, C., Zhang, Q., Xie, P., Chen, M., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Niu, Q., Bianbaduojie, Liu, Y., et al. (2025) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/67644 · Cited by 2

Mesenchymal stem cells promote erlotinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer through the HGF-AKT/ERK1/2-OPN pathway

Yang, Y. (2025) · American Journal of Translational Research · doi:10.62347/rkyl8675 · Cited by 2

Advances in Research on Aging in Female Infertility and Pathologic Pregnancy

(2024) · Frontiers research topics · doi:10.3389/978-2-8325-4798-4 · Cited by 2

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-driven LncRNA PTCSC3 upregulation within lung adenocarcinoma cells reduces erlotinib resistance by mitigating Wnt/β-Catenin pathway

Chen, B. (2024) · American Journal of Cancer Research · doi:10.62347/bofp2157 · Cited by 1

Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Cancer Therapy

Baran, Z., Çetinkaya, M., & Baran, Y. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2024_824 · Cited by 1

Ion osmolarity-driven sequential concentration-enrichment for the scale-up isolation of extracellular vesicles

Wang, L., Xia, J., Guan, X., Song, Y., Zhu, M., Wang, F., Zhao, B., Liu, L., & Liu, J. (2024) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-024-02956-w · Cited by 1

Bibliometric Analysis and Visualized Study of Research on Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Ischemic Stroke

Bu, F., Yuan, X., Cui, X., & Guo, R. (2025) · Stem Cell Reviews and Reports · doi:10.1007/s12015-025-10878-9 · Cited by 1

Proteomics suggests the role of Cxcl12 secreted by hucMSCs in the treatment of lipopolysaccharide-acute lung injury

Cui, J., Luo, L., Geng, H., Gao, Y., Chen, Y., Yu, Q., Wang, X., Wang, X., & Sun, T. (2025) · Microvascular Research · doi:10.1016/j.mvr.2025.104815 · Cited by 1

Application of heterologous extracellular vesicles and their analogs in anti-tumor activity research

Gao, J., Wu, Y., Zhao, Y., Lu, Y., & Cai, X. (2025) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114850 · Cited by 1

Therapeutic potentials of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for major solid malignancies: A narrative systematic review

Wang, X., Pan, Z., Liu, N., Dai, X., Yang, Y. N., Zhang, C., & Xu, Y. (2025) · BioScience Trends · doi:10.5582/bst.2025.01120 · Cited by 1

Hypoxia-Driven Extracellular Vesicles Promote Pro-Metastatic Signalling in LNCaP Cells via Wnt and EMT Pathways

Santos, M. D. O., Bukhari, K., Peker-Eyüboğlu, I., Kraev, I., Dart, D. A., Lange, S., & Onganer, P. U. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14091135 · Cited by 1

Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Atherosclerotic Stenosis and Endothelial Dysfunction

Wu, Z., Ke, K., Lin, X., & Yang, W. (2025) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-025-07818-7 · Cited by 1

Exosome-based cancer nanomedicine: a promising frontier in oncology

Dhar, R., Zher, L. Y., Das, A., Sonar, S., Balasubramaniam, V. R. M. T., Narayanan, K., Gorai, S., & Subramaniyan, V. (2025) · Health Nanotechnology · doi:10.1186/s44301-025-00015-3 · Cited by 1

Stem Cell Therapy for Inflammatory Diseases: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions

Wu, C., Jin, Z., Weng, S., Zhu, J., & Dong, L. (2026) · MedComm · doi:10.1002/mco2.70616 · Cited by 1

Encapsulation of hydroxyurea in exosomes derived from adipose mesenchymal stem cells enhances anticancer efficacy in breast cancer

Kangarshahi, Z. T., Ganji, S. M., Ashrafi, F., & Abbasi, A. (2026) · Translational Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tranon.2026.102707 · Cited by 2

The multifaceted roles of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in digestive system malignancies: mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Li, B., Cui, Z., & Jin, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1814232 · Cited by 1

Exosomes in depression: mechanistic insights, diagnostic potential, and therapeutic opportunities

Fei, W., Yang, J., & Wang, G. H. (2026) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-026-03622-3 · Cited by 4

Triple-targeted artificial extracellular vesicles for enhanced glioma therapy via synergistic chemomagnetic penetration of the blood-brain barrier

Yi, G., Huang, Z., Hua, Y., Wu, S., Yu, H., Wu, J., Zhao, Z., Yang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115768 · Cited by 1

Biomimetic nanomedicine for cancer therapy: A review of biomimetic drug delivery systems

Liu, J., Song, G., Zhao, J., Liu, B., Mao, Y., Fan, J., & Xie, H. (2026) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108497 · Cited by 1

The role of targeted exosomes in improving drug delivery in breast cancer: challenges and prospects

Moghadam, M. Z., Shafieesabet, M., Jamshidi, N., & Jamshidi, N. (2026) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-026-11635-y · Cited by 1

Engineering Strategies for Plant-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Modification, Drug Delivery Performance, and Synergistic Effects with Gel Composite Systems

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Therapeutic exosomes in cancer: efficacy and safety perspectives

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From neural stem cells to cell-free exosome nanotherapy: reprogramming the injured spinal cord microenvironment for regeneration

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Microneedle-Assisted Cell Delivery and Therapy

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Mitochondria-enriched BMSC exosomes restore microglia–neuron cross-talk in Parkinson’s disease via PINK1/parkin and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways

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Protective function of adipocyte-derived extracellular vesicles and adipose stem cells in damage repair and regeneration

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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome-Based Therapy for Neurological Disorders: A Scoping Review

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MSC-derived exosomes protect auditory hair cells from neomycin-induced damage via autophagy regulationPreprint

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Molecular Mechanisms for Targeting Metastatic Cancer Cells and to Overcome or Prevent Chemotherapy ResistancePreprint

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Letter to the Editor: “Evolving trends in stem cell therapy an emerging and promising approach against various diseases”

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Advancements in stem cell-based therapeutics in phospholipase A2-dependent colorectal cancer

Das, D., Cynthia, C., Pathak, S., & Banerjee, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15177-4.00013-3

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived exosomes loaded Alitretinoin for TBI repair treatmentPreprint

Chen, S., Lin, J., Zhang, X., Yu, P., Wang, Y., Deng, X., Zhou, L., Gao, D., Gao, L., & Li, L. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4573349/v1

The diagnostic value of serum exosomal miRNA-587 combined with hypersensitive C-reactive protein as noninvasive biomarker in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer

Peng, J., Ma, X., Shao, L., Xin, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/tjb-2023-0281

Exosomes for Ophthalmic Therapeutics

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Co-Cultivation with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Does Not Affect the Efficiency of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Irradiated Human Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Molodtsova, D., & Osipov, A. N. (2025) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-025-06358-2

Bone marrow mesenchymal stroma cell serves as a harbor anchoring acute B lymphoblastic leukemia cells

Wu, K., Wang, F., Shen, M., Liang, X., Wei, D., Zhu, X., Qu, Y., Wei, X., Jiang, H., & Chen, T. (2025) · Genes & Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.gendis.2025.101637

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-142–3p inhibits the development of glioma via targeting GFI1

Tang, L., Peng, Z., & Peng, F. (2025) · Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jrras.2025.101556

In situ multifunctional gel for hormone-immune therapy of ovarian cancer and prevention of postoperative adhesion

Zhang, Y., Shi, Y., Zang, H., Zhao, X., Fu, X., Qiu, S., Zhang, Y., Liu, Y., Wan, X., Li, Z., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163135

PML+ exosomes derived from microglia attenuate retinal inflammation and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy

Guan, J., Wang, X., Huang, Z., Huang, J., & Sun, D. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.163857

Targeting ferroptosis in pemphigus vulgaris using aptamer-modified extracellular vesicles

Tang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, H., Jin, H., Zhang, L., Luo, M., Chen, K., & Wei, B. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.166080

Comprehensive perspective about exosomes in breast cancer: Role in progression, diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment

Hashemi, S., Malekpour, K., Hazrati, A., & Falak, R. (2025) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118374

Targeting Microbiome-Derived Exosomes to Overcome Cancer Therapy Resistance: Mechanisms, Implications, and Opportunities

Singh, V., Shirbhate, E., Kore, R., Veerasamy, R., Sharma, P. C., Tiwari, A. K., & Rajak, H. (2025) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0113895575416455251014053321

Comparison of the therapeutic potential of exosomes derived from different cells for the treatment of prostate cancer

Mehr, F. K., Emtiazi, N., Zolfi, E., & Moradi, Y. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2025.105055

Molecular mechanisms underlying treatment resistance in glioblastoma and current therapies

Viswalingam, V., & Kumar, D. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33910-3.00011-x

Advances in the Application of Living Cells in Tumor Radiosensitization

Xu, H., Feng, R., & Liu, H. (2025) · BIO Integration · doi:10.15212/bioi-2025-0097

Research progress of exosome-hydrogel between 2013 and 2023 from the perspective of bibliometrics

Li, J., Yang, R., Zhang, J., & Hao, H. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046595

Additional file 1 of miRNAs derived from cobra venom exosomes contribute to the cobra envenomation

Liao, T., Gan, M., Qiu, Y., Lei, Y., Chen, Q., Wang, X., Yang, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Niu, L., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24225208

Additional file 1 of LAD1 promotes malignant progression by diminishing ubiquitin-dependent degradation of vimentin in gastric cancer

Jiang, Y., Feng, Y., Huang, J., Huang, Z., Tan, R., Li, T., Chen, Z., Tang, X., Qiu, J., Li, C., et al. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24153677

Research Progress on Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes in Chronic Kidney Disease

石, 文. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine · doi:10.12677/jcpm.2026.51016

Exploring the Effects of WJ-MSC-Derived Exosomes on the Viability and Metabolic Activity of Lung, Pancreatic and Liver Cancer Cells

Kaçaroğlu, D., Ulaşlı, A. M., & Yaylacı, S. (2025) · İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.38079/igusabder.1534054

Pro-tumorigenic effects and therapeutic implications of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes under hypoxic conditions: a systematic review

Seddighi, N., Talebi, M., Shamsasenjan, K., Raeisi, M., & Movassaghpour, A. A. (2026) · Discover Oncology · doi:10.1007/s12672-025-04279-0

Exosomal THBS4 Derived From Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes the Migration and Angiogenesis of the Endothelial Cells in Preeclampsia by Activating the Integrin α2/PI3K/AKT Axis

Yang, Z., Liu, Y., Cui, J., Chen, Z., Shi, H., Tao, H., Ma, R., He, W., Sun, L., Li, Y., et al. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s572708

Hypoxia-preconditioned mesenchymal stromal cell–derived exosomes attenuate LPS-induced acute lung injury and early epithelial remodeling in mice: evidence for a miR-486a-5p–Skp2–GATA4 axis

Lin, Q., Zou, S., Lin, C., Lin, J., Wu, Y., Liu, R., & Lei, L. (2026) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-026-03560-2

Efficient purification of extracellular vesicles via circular multicavity electrophoresis coupled with ultrafiltration

Yang, X., Xing, Y., Xing, S., Jin, J., Li, D., Ren, X., & Liu, L. (2026) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2026.129547

3D-cultured hUC-MSC-derived exosomes as macrophage mediators to suppress cholestatic fibrosis in mice via miR-1291–mediated multi-targeted pathways

Liu, Y., Gong, S., Luo, X., Hu, Y., Yan, Q., Yang, Z., Mohsin, A., Zheng, S., & Guo, M. (2026) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.174376

Exosomes in cancer: Functional mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives

Xiao, W.-Z., & Shi, J.-H. (2026) · World Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.5306/wjco.v17.i3.116823

Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit migration of colorectal cancer cells via disruption of the Wnt pathway

Fan, J. (2026) · CYTOLOGIA · doi:10.1508/cytologia.91.7

Exosomes derived from first-trimester human decidual mesenchymal stem cell

Wang, Y., jin, L., Fang, M., huang, X., & Xu, J. (2026) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2026.103611

Stem cells and pyroptosis in spinal injury

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Tissue regeneration strategies based on mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: from bench to bedside

Mu, S.-H., Li, R., Wang, P., Shi, Y.-S., Zhou, Y.-W., Jin, Y., Jin, F., & Sui, B. (2026) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1093/burnst/tkag030

Stem cell transplantation in head and neck oncology: Integrating oncologic treatment and maxillofacial reconstruction

Zeppieri, M., Capobianco, M., Visalli, F., Khouyyi, M., Gagliano, C., Cappellani, F., Robiony, M., Tel, A., & Michelutti, L. (2026) · World Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.5500/wjt.v16.i2.117675

Mesenchymal stem cells and derived extracellular vesicles in major respiratory diseases: from multifaceted molecular mechanisms to clinical perspectives

Li, A., Wang, X., Wu, J., Zhao, G., Li, N., Wang, Z., Li, Y., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2026.1839015

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes emerge as potent inducers of cancer cell senescence

Wang, S.-F., Guo, H.-C., Gong, X.-Q., & Peng, X.-W. (2026) · World Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.4252/wjsc.115628

Exosomes in Ovarian Cancer: Promoters, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Targets

Wang, F., Dong, H., Song, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s606735 · Cited by 1

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as engineered nanocarriers for cancer stem cell targeting

Bhoi, S., Patil, V., Patil, N., Pawar, R., & Patil, G. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.102059

Multifunctional exosome-infused antimicrobial mouthwash for oral ulcer treatment

Jiang, T., Dong, X., He, L., Li, S., Yang, Y., Peng, Y. K. M., Xu, S., & Xie, X. (2026) · Materials Today Advances · doi:10.1016/j.mtadv.2026.100937

Dual roles of mesenchymal, neural, and induced pluripotent stem cells in cancer: implications for tumorigenesis and therapeutic applications

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